10: CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM

Question 1

1. Which enzyme is responsible for initiating the breakdown of starch in the oral cavity during the process of carbohydrate digestion?
   a) Pancreatic amylase
   b) Salivary amylase
   c) Maltase
   d) Gastric amylase

Answer 1

b) Salivary amylase

Question 2

2. Why is the activity of amylase temporarily halted in the stomach during digestion?
   a) Amylase is not effective in breaking down starch
   b) The stomach is too alkaline for amylase activity
   c) Gastric juices create a highly acidic environment
   d) Amylase is inhibited by other digestive enzymes in the stomach

Answer 2

c) Gastric juices create a highly acidic environment

Question 3

3. Which enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining the sodium gradient necessary for glucose absorption in the small intestine?
   a) SGLT-1

   b) Na+,K+-ATPase
   c) Sodium glucose co-transporter
   d) Glucose transporter

Answer 3

b) Na+,K+-ATPase

Question 4

4. What triggers the conformational changes in the SGLT-1 transporter during glucose absorption?
   a) Binding of water molecules

   b) Entry of potassium ions
   c) Binding of sodium ions to the outer face
   d) Interaction with glucose on the apical surface

Answer 4

c) Binding of sodium ions to the outer face

Question 5

5. Where does digestion start?
   a) Mouth
   b) Stomach
   c) Esophagus
   d) Pancreas

Answer 5

a) Mouth

Question 6

6. What is used as a source of energy?
   a) Glucose
   b) Enzyme
   c) Blood
   d) Proteins

Answer 6

a) Glucose

Question 7

7. It is a three-carbon sugar that is converted into another three-carbon molecule, pyruvate, through a series of reactions.
   a) Energy requiring phase
   b) Energy-releasing phase
   c) Glycolysis
   d) Glucose

Answer 7

b) Energy-releasing phase

Question 8

8. Where does glycogen get stored?
   a) Salivary glands
   b) Stomach
   c) Liver
   d) Gallbladder

Answer 8

c) Liver

Question 9

9. What is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids (proteins), glycerol (lipids), and lactic acid?
   a) Lipogenesis
   b) Glycogenesis
   c) Glycolysis
   d) Gluconeogenesis

Answer 9

d) Gluconeogenesis

Question 10

10. This process refers to the lipid or fatty acids synthesis from glucose or amino acids.
    A. Glycogenolysis
    B. Lipogenesis
    C. Glycolysis
    D. Electron transport

Answer 10

B. Lipogenesis

Question 11

11. The body experiences the following when it encounters a lack of insulin EXCEPT:

The blood sugar increases.
The blood sugar decreases.
The body has less ability to metabolize carbohydrates
The body has difficulty moving glucose from the blood to the cells.

Answer 11

The blood sugar decreases.

Question 12

12. What effect does a high concentration of acetyl-CoA have on the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in glycolysis?
    a) Inhibition of PEP production
    b) Stimulation of PEP production
    c) No effect on PEP production
    d) Promotion of gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

b) Stimulation of PEP production

Question 13

13. What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
    a) To increase blood sugar levels
    b) To decrease blood sugar levels
    c) To stimulate heart rate
    d) To regulate cholesterol levels

Answer 13

b) To decrease blood sugar levels

Question 14

14. How does glucagon interact with insulin to regulate blood sugar levels?
    a) Glucagon and insulin have similar actions and work together.
    b) Glucagon and insulin have opposing actions, balancing blood sugar levels.
    c) Glucagon and insulin have no interaction in blood sugar regulation.
    d) None of the above

Answer 14

b) Glucagon and insulin have opposing actions, balancing blood sugar levels.

Question 15

15. It is also known as “adrenaline”.
    a) Growth hormone
    b) Epinephrine
    c) ACTH
    d) Insulin

Answer 15

b) Epinephrine

Question 16

16. What is the term for a rapid drop in blood sugar levels, often associated with excessive insulin or inadequate food intake?
    a) Hyperglycemia
    b) Hypoglycemia
    c) Glucagon surge
    d) Ketoacidosis

Answer 16

b) Hypoglycemia

Question 17

17. Also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, this type of diabetes occurs at ages above 30 and is caused by the lifestyle of a person.
    a) Gestational diabetes
    b) Diabetes insipudus
    c) Type 1 Diabetes Melittus
    d) Type 2 Diabetes Melittus

Answer 17

d) Type 2 Diabetes Melittus

Question 18

18. Also called as Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and occurs at ages below 30. This type of diabetes allows the body to attack its own beta cells, causing the insulin to not be produced at all.
    a) Gestational diabetes
    b) Diabetes insipudus
    c) Type 1 Diabetes Melittus
    d) Type 2 Diabetes Melittus

Answer 18

c) Type 1 Diabetes Melittus

Question 19

19. What is the level of blood sugar that can be an indication of diabetes?
    a) 126 mg/dL
    b) 99 mg/dL
    c) 110 mg/dL
    d) 120 mg/dL

Answer 19

a) 126 mg/dL

Question 20

20. During which circumstances does gluconeogenesis play a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose levels?
    a) After a carbohydrate-rich meal
    b) During intense physical exercise
    c) During fasting or when glucose reserves are low
    d) After consuming high-fat foods

Answer 20

c) During fasting or when glucose reserves are low