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BIOCHEM (LEC) > 1: Introduction to Biochemistry > Flashcards

1: Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

 The science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
 The science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reaction.
 Anything more than a superficial comprehension of life – in all its diverse manifestation – demands a knowledge of biochemistry.

A

DEFINITION: The chemistry of life

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2
Q
  • Pioneer
  • Father of (Modern) Biochemistry
  • Editor of first journal of Biochemistry
  • Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts (substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction)
  • Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules
  • Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins: DNA > RNA > Protein
A

Carl Neuberg (German) – 1903

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3
Q
  • Discovered Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb’s Cycle
  • Pioneer of Cellular Respiration (Metabolic reaction)
     Breakdown of glucose to form energy
     ATP (adenosintriphosphate) – contains energy
  • Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953
A

Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (German) - 1937

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4
Q
  • Discovered DNA as double helix
  • Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962
A

James Watson and Francis Crick (English) - 1953

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5
Q

2 carbon-nitrogen rings

A

Purines

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6
Q

1/single carbon-nitrogen ring

A

Pyrimidines

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7
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  1. Thymine
  2. Cytosine
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8
Q

Purines

A
  1. Guanine
  2. Adenine
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9
Q
  • Determined Insulin sequence and structure of proteins
  • Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956
A

Frederick Sanger (British) - 1955

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10
Q
  • Determined sequence of DNA
  • Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980
A

Frederick Sanger (British) and Walter Gilbert (American) - 1980

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11
Q
  • Invention of PCR method (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
  • Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993
A

Kary Mullis (American) - 1993

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12
Q

Laboratory technique that rapidly determine the specific segment of DNA.

A

PCR method (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

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13
Q
  • Each types of biomolecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called
A

MONOMERS

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14
Q

 Building blocks of polymers/short, one chain

A

MONOMERS

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15
Q

long, two or more chains; chain of unspecified number of monomers

A

Polymers

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16
Q

Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of

A

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MONOMER

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17
Q

In a _____________________, a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.

A

condensation reactions

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18
Q

kumpol-kumpol; dikit-dikit

A

Anabolic

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19
Q

takes larger structure breakdown into smaller units; hati-hatiin

A

Catabolic

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20
Q

(basic structural units of living organisms): are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state

A

CELLS

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21
Q

contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are required to maintain life.

A
  • Living processes
22
Q
  • All organisms use the same type of molecules:
A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids

23
Q

Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their

A

DNA

24
Q
  • Basic building blocks of life
  • Smallest living unit of an organism
  • A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (multicellular)
  • Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment
  • Many cannot be seen with the naked eye – a typical cell size is 10μm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.
A

Cell

25
Q

Move from higher to lower until concentration equalizes

A

Diffusion

26
Q

Move from lower to higher concentration

A

Osmosis

27
Q

“NO ID, NO ENTRY”
determine what molecules can go in and what molecules can go out of a cell.

A

Selective transport

28
Q

(Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus) include various bacteria

A

PROKARYOTES

29
Q
  • lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
  • Cell membrane & cell wall
  • Nucleoid region contains the DNA
  • Contain ribosomes (no membrane)
A

PROKARYOTES

30
Q

(Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus) include most other cells (plants, fungi, & animals)

A

EUKARYOTES

31
Q
  • have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm with organelles
A

EUKARYOTES

32
Q
  • Cell’s defining boundary
  • Providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems
A

Plasma Membrane

33
Q
  • Cell’s information center
  • Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and
    the nucleolus.
  • The place where almost all DNA
    replication and RNA synthesis occur.
  • Nucleolus: a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.
A

Nucleus

34
Q
  • the power generators
    Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule):
  • Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of
    folds called cristae.
  • Functions in energy production
    through metabolism.
  • Contains its own DNA.
A

Mitochondria

35
Q
  • The transport network for molecules
A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

36
Q
  • Covered with ribosomes (causing the “rough” appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or
    localization in membranes
A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

37
Q
  • Protein and RNA complex responsible for
    protein synthesis
A

Ribosomes

38
Q
  • site for synthesis and metabolism of lipid
A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

39
Q
  • process and package the
    macromolecules
  • A series of stacked membranes. - Vesicles: carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks
    while the proteins are “processed” to a mature form.
A

Golgi apparatus

40
Q
  • contain digestive enzyme
    A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.
A

Lysosomes

41
Q
  • enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol and it houses the
    membranous organelles.
A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

building blocks of cells

A

biomolecules

43
Q

Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a _____________________

A

Carbon skeleton.

44
Q
  • _________________ is more abundant in living organisms than it is in the rest of the universe.
A

Carbon

45
Q
  • has the ability of ______ atoms to bond together to form long chains and rings.
  • can form immensely diverse
A

Carbon

46
Q
  • All cells use __________________ to store information
A

nucleic acids (DNA)nucleic acids (DNA)

47
Q
  • All cells use ______________________ to access stored information
A

nucleic acids (RNA)

48
Q
  • All cells use proteins as _______________ for chemical reactions
A

catalysts (enzymes)

49
Q
  • All cells use _____ for membrane components
A

lipids

50
Q
  • All cells use ________________ for cell walls (if present), recognition, and energy generation
A

carbohydrates

BIOCHEM (LEC) (7 decks)

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