1: Introduction to Biochemistry Flashcards
The science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
The science concerned with the various molecules that occur in living cells and organisms and with their chemical reaction.
Anything more than a superficial comprehension of life – in all its diverse manifestation – demands a knowledge of biochemistry.
DEFINITION: The chemistry of life
- Pioneer
- Father of (Modern) Biochemistry
- Editor of first journal of Biochemistry
- Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts (substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction)
- Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules
- Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins: DNA > RNA > Protein
Carl Neuberg (German) – 1903
- Discovered Citric Acid Cycle/Kreb’s Cycle
- Pioneer of Cellular Respiration (Metabolic reaction)
Breakdown of glucose to form energy
ATP (adenosintriphosphate) – contains energy - Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (German) - 1937
- Discovered DNA as double helix
- Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962
James Watson and Francis Crick (English) - 1953
2 carbon-nitrogen rings
Purines
1/single carbon-nitrogen ring
Pyrimidines
Pyrimidines
- Thymine
- Cytosine
Purines
- Guanine
- Adenine
- Determined Insulin sequence and structure of proteins
- Won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956
Frederick Sanger (British) - 1955
- Determined sequence of DNA
- Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980
Frederick Sanger (British) and Walter Gilbert (American) - 1980
- Invention of PCR method (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993
Kary Mullis (American) - 1993
Laboratory technique that rapidly determine the specific segment of DNA.
PCR method (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Each types of biomolecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called
MONOMERS
Building blocks of polymers/short, one chain
MONOMERS
long, two or more chains; chain of unspecified number of monomers
Polymers
Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MONOMER
In a _____________________, a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.
condensation reactions
kumpol-kumpol; dikit-dikit
Anabolic
takes larger structure breakdown into smaller units; hati-hatiin
Catabolic
(basic structural units of living organisms): are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state
CELLS
contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are required to maintain life.
- Living processes
- All organisms use the same type of molecules:
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids
Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their
DNA
- Basic building blocks of life
- Smallest living unit of an organism
- A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (multicellular)
- Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment
- Many cannot be seen with the naked eye – a typical cell size is 10μm; a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram.
Cell
Move from higher to lower until concentration equalizes
Diffusion
Move from lower to higher concentration
Osmosis
“NO ID, NO ENTRY”
determine what molecules can go in and what molecules can go out of a cell.
Selective transport
(Greek: pro-before; karyon-nucleus) include various bacteria
PROKARYOTES
- lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
- Cell membrane & cell wall
- Nucleoid region contains the DNA
- Contain ribosomes (no membrane)
PROKARYOTES
(Greek: eu-true; karyon-nucleus) include most other cells (plants, fungi, & animals)
EUKARYOTES
- have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Cell Membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm with organelles
EUKARYOTES
- Cell’s defining boundary
- Providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems
Plasma Membrane
- Cell’s information center
- Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and
the nucleolus. - The place where almost all DNA
replication and RNA synthesis occur. - Nucleolus: a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.
Nucleus
- the power generators
Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule): - Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of
folds called cristae. - Functions in energy production
through metabolism. - Contains its own DNA.
Mitochondria
- The transport network for molecules
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Covered with ribosomes (causing the “rough” appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or
localization in membranes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- Protein and RNA complex responsible for
protein synthesis
Ribosomes
- site for synthesis and metabolism of lipid
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- process and package the
macromolecules - A series of stacked membranes. - Vesicles: carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks
while the proteins are “processed” to a mature form.
Golgi apparatus
- contain digestive enzyme
A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell.
Lysosomes
- enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol and it houses the
membranous organelles.
Cytoplasm
building blocks of cells
biomolecules
Organic compounds are compounds composed primarily of a _____________________
Carbon skeleton.
- _________________ is more abundant in living organisms than it is in the rest of the universe.
Carbon
- has the ability of ______ atoms to bond together to form long chains and rings.
- can form immensely diverse
Carbon
- All cells use __________________ to store information
nucleic acids (DNA)nucleic acids (DNA)
- All cells use ______________________ to access stored information
nucleic acids (RNA)
- All cells use proteins as _______________ for chemical reactions
catalysts (enzymes)
- All cells use _____ for membrane components
lipids
- All cells use ________________ for cell walls (if present), recognition, and energy generation
carbohydrates
