10. Alcohol Reactions

Question 1

what does sodium borohydride react with and why?

Answer 1

aldehydes and ketones because it is a weak reducing agent

Question 2

what does a reduction reaction lead to?

Answer 2

less bonds on an oxygen atom and more bonds on hydrogen

Question 3

what does the reduction of aldehydes produce in terms of alcohol?

Answer 3

a primary alcohol

Question 4

what does the reduction of ketones produce in terms of alcohol?

Answer 4

a secondary alcohol

Question 5

what does the reduction of esters and carboxylic acids produce in terms of alcohol?

Answer 5

primary alcohol

Question 5

what does lithium aluminum hydride react with and why?

Answer 5

carbonyls because it is a strong reducing agent

Question 6

what does the reduction of amides produce?

Answer 6

amines

Question 7

what type of solvent does lithium aluminum hydride react in and why?

Answer 7

because lithium aluminum hydride is more reactive than sodium borohydride the reaction is done at low temperatures and in non-protic solvents

Question 8

decribe the reaction of esters to alcohols.

Answer 8

alcohol replaces where the lone single bonded oxygen is so you are left with a molecule with a hydroxyl (plus a hydroxyl and the rest of the chain that was cut off)

Question 9

describe the reaction of amides to amines.

Answer 9

a carbonyl turns into two hydrogens

Question 9

what chemical do aldehydes use to make themselves into primary alcohols?

Answer 9

PCC or pyridinium

Question 10

is aldehydes to alcohol an oxidation or reduction reaction?

Answer 10

oxidation

Question 11

what chemical do ketones use to make themselves into primary alcohols?

Answer 11

PCC (pyridinium), jones reagent and KMnO4 (potassium permanganate)

Question 11

what are ketones subject to and why?

Answer 11

overoxidation because they lack the reactive hydrogen that aldehydes have

Question 12

what chemical do carboxylic acids use to make themselves into aldehydes?

Answer 12

agents like Jones reagent or Tollens reagent

Question 12

describe the reaction of making aldehydes from primary alcohols.

Answer 12

a hydroxyl groups turns into a carbonyl with a hydrogen beside it

Question 13

describe the reaction of making ketones from secondary alcohols.

Answer 13

a hydroxyl groups in the middle of the carbon chain turns into a carbonyl

Question 14

what is Jones reagent?

Answer 14

PCC

Question 15

describe the reaction of making carboxylic acids from alcohols using the Jones reagent.

Answer 15

a carbonyl is added beside the hydroxyl group

Question 16

describe the reaction of making a secondary alcohol into a ketones using the Jones reagent.

Answer 16

hydroxyl group turns into a carbonyl

Question 17

describe the reaction of making carboxylic acids from aldehydes using the Tollens reagent.

Answer 17

a molecule with a carbonyl has a hydroxyl group added to the carbonyl

Question 18

is tollens reagent weaker than jones reagent?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

what are the three main types of hydrogenation reactions?

Answer 19

1. reduction of alkynes and alkenes to make alkanes using H2 and Pd/C
2. reduction of alkynes to make cis alkenes using H2 and Lindlars catalyst
3. reduction of alkynes to make trans alkenes using metal or liquid ammonia

Question 20

describe a general hydrogenation reaction.

Answer 20

a double bond turns into two added hydrogens

Question 21

what are the partial hydrogenation reactions?

Answer 21

1. reduction of alkynes to make cis alkenes using H2 and Lindlars catalyst
2. reduction of alkynes to make trans alkenes using metal or liquid ammonia

Question 22

what is Tollens reagent?

Answer 22

a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO₃), ammonia (NH₃), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)