10-18 Review Flashcards
Long term memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Short term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
Semantic encoding
Encoding of waning, including the meaning of words
Visual encoding
Encoding of picture images
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency
Context dependent
refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same
State-dependent memories
the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
Proactive interference
Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
Retroactive interference
Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Hippocampus
Neural center located in the lambic system that helps process explicit memories from storage.
Amygdala
Two Lima bean sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
Heuristics
Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
Algorithms
Logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Concepts
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototypes
Mental image or best example of a category
Phonemes
Basic unit of sound
Morphemes
Basic unit of meaning
Spearmans theory of intelligence
the general factor of intelligence in psychology
Gardners theory of intelligence
is a theory of intelligence that differentiates it into specific (primarily sensory) “modalities”, rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability. Everyone learns differently
Normal distribution
Bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
Stanford-Binet test
Widely used American revision of binets original intelligence test. Chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
Flynn effect
the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day
Instinct
Complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Incentive
Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
Homeostasis
Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
Maslows theory
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a description of the needs that motivate human behavior. In 1943, Abraham Maslow proposed five different kinds of human needs, beginning with the most basic: survival. Physiological needs, such as food and shelter, are followed by needs related to safety. Next, there are needs of love and belonging. Fourth, humans have needs of esteem, such as the need for being respected. The final need in the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization (fulfilling one’s potential)
Lateral hypothalamus
Stimulates hunger
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Suppress hunger
Nick dugan has Flow
Completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting for optimal engagement of ones skill
James Lange theory
Our experiences of emotion is our awareness of out physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-board theory
An emotion-a rousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
Shacter-singer theory two factor
To experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
Catharsis hypothesis
Maintains the releasing aggressive energy relieves aggression urges
Adaptation level phenomenon
Tendency to form judgements of sounds and lights relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience.
General adaptation syndrome
The body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Type A
High stress
Type B
Low stress
Psychophysiological illnesses
Any stress related physical illness.
Theory of id
Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
Ego
Largely conscious, executive part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of Id, superego, and reality
Superego
Part of personality that, According to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations
Nick Dugan gets a lot of Oral stage
0-18 months. Sucking biting and chewing
Anal stage
18-36 months. Pleasure focuses in vowel and bladder elimination
Phallic stage
3-6 years pleasure zone is the genitals. Coping with incestuous sexual feelings
Latency stage
6 to puberty. Dormant sexual feelings
Genital stage
Puberty and on. Maturation of sexual interest.
Defense mechanism
In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Jungs theory
is based on the premise of a self-regulating psyche composed of tensions between opposing attitudes of the ego and the unconscious
Rogers theory
The main issue is the development of a self-concept and the progress from an undifferentiated self to being fully differentiated.
Adler theory
emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority[3]—the inferiority complex—is recognized as isolating an element which plays a key role in personality development.[4] Alfred Adler considered human beings as an individual whole, therefore he called his psychology “Individual Psychology”
Nick Dugan is Horney theory
believed neurosis to be a continuous process—with neuroses commonly occurring sporadically in one’s lifetime
Internal locus of control
Control ones own fate
External locus of control
Outside factors determine ones own fate
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
David rosenhan and power of labels
Labels of diseases can hinder the actual diagnoses of the actual problem.
Anxiety disorder
Psychological disorders charter used by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors the reduce anxiety
Panic disorder
Anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
Mood disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
Schizophrenic
Group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
Personality disorder
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social function
Client centered
Humanistic theory, developed by Carl Rodgers, in which a therapist use techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients growth
Token economy
Operant conditioning procedure in which people earn token of some
Sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
Systematic desensitization
Type of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state and gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli
Cognitive therapy
Theory that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based in the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and out emotional reactions.