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Chapter 18 Psych > 10-18 Review > Flashcards

10-18 Review Flashcards

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0
Q

Long term memory

A

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

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1
Q

Short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

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2
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

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3
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Encoding of waning, including the meaning of words

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4
Q

Visual encoding

A

Encoding of picture images

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5
Q

Effortful processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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6
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency

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7
Q

Context dependent

A

refers to improved recall of specific episodes or information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

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8
Q

State-dependent memories

A

the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

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9
Q

Proactive interference

A

Disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

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10
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A

Neural center located in the lambic system that helps process explicit memories from storage.

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12
Q

Amygdala

A

Two Lima bean sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion

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13
Q

Heuristics

A

Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

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14
Q

Algorithms

A

Logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

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15
Q

Concepts

A

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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16
Q

Prototypes

A

Mental image or best example of a category

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17
Q

Phonemes

A

Basic unit of sound

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18
Q

Morphemes

A

Basic unit of meaning

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19
Q

Spearmans theory of intelligence

A

the general factor of intelligence in psychology

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20
Q

Gardners theory of intelligence

A

is a theory of intelligence that differentiates it into specific (primarily sensory) “modalities”, rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability. Everyone learns differently

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21
Q

Normal distribution

A

Bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

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22
Q

Stanford-Binet test

A

Widely used American revision of binets original intelligence test. Chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

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23
Q

Flynn effect

A

the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day

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24
Q

Instinct

A

Complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

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25
Q

Incentive

A

Positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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26
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

27
Q

Maslows theory

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a description of the needs that motivate human behavior. In 1943, Abraham Maslow proposed five different kinds of human needs, beginning with the most basic: survival. Physiological needs, such as food and shelter, are followed by needs related to safety. Next, there are needs of love and belonging. Fourth, humans have needs of esteem, such as the need for being respected. The final need in the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization (fulfilling one’s potential)

28
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Stimulates hunger

29
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Suppress hunger

30
Q

Nick dugan has Flow

A

Completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting for optimal engagement of ones skill

31
Q

James Lange theory

A

Our experiences of emotion is our awareness of out physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

32
Q

Cannon-board theory

A

An emotion-a rousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

33
Q

Shacter-singer theory two factor

A

To experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

34
Q

Catharsis hypothesis

A

Maintains the releasing aggressive energy relieves aggression urges

35
Q

Adaptation level phenomenon

A

Tendency to form judgements of sounds and lights relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience.

36
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

The body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

37
Q

Type A

A

High stress

38
Q

Type B

A

Low stress

39
Q

Psychophysiological illnesses

A

Any stress related physical illness.

40
Q

Theory of id

A

Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

41
Q

Ego

A

Largely conscious, executive part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of Id, superego, and reality

42
Q

Superego

A

Part of personality that, According to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations

43
Q

Nick Dugan gets a lot of Oral stage

A

0-18 months. Sucking biting and chewing

44
Q

Anal stage

A

18-36 months. Pleasure focuses in vowel and bladder elimination

45
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-6 years pleasure zone is the genitals. Coping with incestuous sexual feelings

46
Q

Latency stage

A

6 to puberty. Dormant sexual feelings

47
Q

Genital stage

A

Puberty and on. Maturation of sexual interest.

48
Q

Defense mechanism

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

49
Q

Jungs theory

A

is based on the premise of a self-regulating psyche composed of tensions between opposing attitudes of the ego and the unconscious

50
Q

Rogers theory

A

The main issue is the development of a self-concept and the progress from an undifferentiated self to being fully differentiated.

51
Q

Adler theory

A

emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority[3]—the inferiority complex—is recognized as isolating an element which plays a key role in personality development.[4] Alfred Adler considered human beings as an individual whole, therefore he called his psychology “Individual Psychology”

52
Q

Nick Dugan is Horney theory

A

believed neurosis to be a continuous process—with neuroses commonly occurring sporadically in one’s lifetime

53
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Control ones own fate

54
Q

External locus of control

A

Outside factors determine ones own fate

55
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

56
Q

David rosenhan and power of labels

A

Labels of diseases can hinder the actual diagnoses of the actual problem.

57
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Psychological disorders charter used by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors the reduce anxiety

58
Q

Panic disorder

A

Anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

59
Q

Mood disorders

A

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

60
Q

Schizophrenic

A

Group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

61
Q

Personality disorder

A

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social function

62
Q

Client centered

A

Humanistic theory, developed by Carl Rodgers, in which a therapist use techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients growth

63
Q

Token economy

A

Operant conditioning procedure in which people earn token of some
Sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

64
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Type of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state and gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli

65
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Theory that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based in the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and out emotional reactions.

Chapter 18 Psych (5 decks)

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