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Chapter 18 Psych > 1-9 Review > Flashcards

1-9 Review Flashcards

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0
Q

Cognitive

A

Process by which sensory input is transferred, reduced, stored, recovered, and used

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1
Q

Neuroscience

A

Scientific study of the nervous system

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2
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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3
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

Personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.

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5
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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6
Q

Lab studies

A

Laboratory research—also called clinical trials, research in which the researcher seeks to control conditions and variables to determine whether a clinical intervention produced the desired effects or if other factors were responsible for the desired effects.

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7
Q

Standard deviations

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

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8
Q

Rule of 68/95/99

A

All values lie within three standard deviations of the mean in a normal distribution.

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9
Q

Correlation study

A

Measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and this of how well either factor predicts the other

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10
Q

Correlation coefficients

A

Mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1.

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11
Q

Neural impulse

A

Electrical discharge that travels along a nerve fiber

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12
Q

Action potential

A

Brief electric charge that travels down an axon. Generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane.

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13
Q

Graded potential

A

Slight difference of charge across the membrane of the cell

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14
Q

Motor neuron

A

motor neuron: neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to the other parts of the body

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15
Q

Sensory neuron

A

sensory neuron: neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the senses of sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, as well as those that transmit pain signals

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16
Q

Inter neurons

A

inter neurons: relay signals between neurons or groups of neurons, are responsible for the processing of information by the brain, like the logic circuits of a computer. also serve to relay signals from place to place within the central nervous system.

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17
Q

Neural networks

A

Interconnected neural cells

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18
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.

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19
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receives sensory input for touch and body position

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20
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual areas which receive visual information from the opposite visual field

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21
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.

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22
Q

Split brain

A

Condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them

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23
Q

Brocas

A

Makes words

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24
Q

Wernicke area

A

Comprehends words

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25
Q

Heritability

A

Proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

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26
Q

Collectivist

A

Giving opportunity to the goals of ones group and defining ones identity accordingly

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27
Q

Individualistic

A

Priority to ones own goals over group goals, and defining ones identity in terms if personal attributes rather than group identifications.

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28
Q

Gender schema

A

Children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly.

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29
Q

Gender identity

A

Ones sense of being make or female

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30
Q

Teratogens

A

Chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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31
Q

Imprinting

A

Process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

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32
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

33
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person: shown in young children by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

34
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

35
Q

Conservation

A

Properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

36
Q

Accommodation

A

All doggies are different than kitties

37
Q

Assimilation

A

Everything with four legs is a doggie

38
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly

39
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

40
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

41
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.

42
Q

Young helmholtz trichromatic or three color

A

The retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, green, and blue- which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

43
Q

Opponent-process

A

Opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

44
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance

45
Q

Kinesthesis

A

System for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

46
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Illusion of movement when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

47
Q

Visual capture

A

Tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

48
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Binocular cue for perceiving depth. Compares images from two eyeballs, the brain computes distance.

49
Q

Convergence

A

Binocular cue for perceiving depth. Eyes converge inwards when looking at an object.

50
Q

Figure ground

A

Visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.

51
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to see objects in three demons ions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional.

52
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect

53
Q

Cock tail party effect

A

the phenomenon of being able to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, much the same way that a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room

54
Q

Awake and relaxed

A

Alpha waves

55
Q

Stage 1 sleep

A

Happens in an unrembered moment. Can experience hallucinations

56
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

Last 20 minutes. Periodic experience of sleep spindles- rapid bursts, rhythm ethic brain activity

57
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

From normal sleep to deep sleep. Small amount of delta waves

58
Q

Stage 4 sleep

A

Heavy delta waves and this is where children may begin to sleep walk or wet the bed

59
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement, reoccurring sleep stage which vivid dreams commonly occur.

60
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

61
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

62
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

63
Q

Dreaming

A

Sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind

64
Q

Manifest

A

According to frued, the remembered story line of a dream

65
Q

Latent content

A

According to frued, the underlying meaning of a dream

66
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs the reduce neural activity and slow body functions

67
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

68
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.

69
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

70
Q

Discrimination

A

Classical conditioning- learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

71
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency, once a response has

Been conditioned, for stimuli similar to thenconsitionednstimulusnro elicit similar responses

72
Q

Shaping

A

Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

73
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of conditioned response

74
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

75
Q

Positive reinforcers

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food

76
Q

Negative reinforcers

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.

77
Q

Punishment

A

Event the decreases the behavior that it follows

78
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others

79
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

80
Q

Cognitive maps

A

Mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Chapter 18 Psych (5 decks)

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