10-16 Childhood Development I

Question 1

Age when first Social smile?

Answer 1

6 weeks

Question 2

Age when first

b. Stranger anxiety

Answer 2

5-9 months

Question 3

Age when first

c. Object permanence:

Answer 3

4 months

Question 4

Age when first conservation of number? conservation of mass, liquid, length?

Answer 4

number - 3 y/o

mass/length/liquid - 7 y/o

Question 5

Age when first walking alone?

Answer 5

1 y/o

Question 6

Age when first words?

Answer 6

1 y/o

Question 7

Age when first toilet trained?

Answer 7

2-3 y/o

Question 8

Piaget’s Stages

Answer 8

Piaget’s Stages of PSYCHOMOTOR Development
• Sensorimotor period (0-2 y/o): Infant differentiates self from other objects; seeks stimulation and prolongs interesting spectacles; grasps concept of object permanence.
• Preoperational period (2-7 y/o): Child begins to think in terms of classes, see relationships, and grasp concept of conservation of numbers.
• Concrete operations (7-12 y/o): Child grasps concepts of conservation of mass, length, width, and volume.
• Formal operations (12+ y/o): Child acquires flexibility in thinking as well as the capacities for abstraction. Alternatives in complex reasoning and problem solving.

Question 9

Definition of:
—newborn
—infant
—toddler
—preschool
—school-age
—adolescent

Answer 9

newborn = 0-1 mo
infant = 1 mo - 1 yr
toddler = 1 - 3 yrs
preschool = 4 - 6 yrs
school age = 6 - 13 yrs
adolescent = 13 - 20 yrs

Question 10

Erikson’s Stages

Answer 10

Erikson’s stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL development
• (0-18 mo) Trust versus Mistrust
• 18-36 mo) Autonomy versus Shame & Doubt
• (3-5 y/o) Initiative versus guilt
• (6-12 y/o) Industry vs. Inferiority
• Ado (12-18 y/o) Identity vs. Role confusion
• (18-35 y/o) Intimacy vs. Isolation
• (35-60 y/o) Generativity vs. Self absorption (stagnation)
• (60+ y/o) Integrity vs. Despair

Question 11

Classical vs. Operant conditioning

Answer 11

• Classical conditioning: ( Pavlovian)
—forms an association between TWO NORMALLY UNRELATED STIMULI
• Operant conditioning: Distinguished from classical cond. in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of “voluntary behavior” or operant behavior [wiki]
—forms association between a BEHAVIOR AND A CONSEQUENCE (treat for good behavior)

Question 12

Mahler Redux

Answer 12

Woman Researcher in the 40-50s!
Mahler: Separation-Individuation
• Contributed to the understanding of the infant’s experience of becoming a “self”. How one develops a representation of the “self” and of the other “object”.
• Separation: Development of limits, differences between self and other.
• Individuation: Development of self, ego, identity

Question 13

Ainsworth and the strange situation test

Answer 13

• Ainsworth: Created the experimental technique called the “Strange Situation” for assessing quality of attachments. Used for babies 10 to 24 months.
• Secure Attachment: Upon reunion after brief separation from parents, children seek physical contact.
• Insecure-Avoidant Attachment: Children actively avoid and ignore parents on reunion
• Insecure-Resistant Attachment: Although infants seem to want closeness and contact, their parents are not able to effectively alleviate their distress after brief separation
• Insecure-Disorganized Attachment: Children show signs of disorganization (e.g., crying for parents at door and then running quickly away when door opens. ¡¡¡This is most dangerous and can indicate child abuse.!!!

Question 14

Freud: definitions of Superego, Ego, Id

Answer 14

• ID (the IT): Unconscious by nature. Works on the pleasure principle. Seeks to satisfy libido and aggressive drives.
• EGO (the I): negotiates with the Id to discharge these drives in a socially acceptable way.
—Defense Mechanisms
• SUPEREGO (the super I): Developed from the resolution of the Oedipal Complex. Incorporation of the family’s and societies values. Seeks perfection. A sort of conscience. Stands in opposition to the ID

Question 15

Freud’s stages

Answer 15

Freudian Stages of PSYCHOSEXUAL Development
1- Oral Stage: First 18 mo- pleasure centers around the mouth
2- Anal Stage: 18-36 mo- pleasure involves anus or eliminative functions.
3- Phallic Stage: 3-6 years- pleasure focuses on genital and self manipulation. Boy’s decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex
4- Latency Stage: 6-puberty- child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
5- Genital Stage: Puberty on- the other becomes source of sexual pleasure