1. What is memory? Flashcards
Key words from Baddeley, Eysenck & Anderson (2009)
Reduktionism
reductionism
The view that all scientific explanations should aim to be based on a lower level of analysis: psychology in terms of physiology, physiology in terms of chemistry, and chemistry in terms of physics.
Verbal inlärning
Verbal learning
A term applied to an approach to memory that relies principally on the learning of lists of words and nonsense syllables.
- Memorera verbalt material, t ex listor med nonsensstavelser/ord
- Noga kontrollerade förhållanden
Gestaltpsykologi)
Gestalt psychology
An approach to psychology that was strong in Germany in the 1930s and that attempted to use perceptual principles to understand memory and reasoning.
- Perceptuella principer för att förstå minnet
- t.ex. Mandler och Tulving
Schema
Schema
Proposed by Bartlett to explain how our knowledge of the world is structured and influences the way in which new information is stored and subsequently recalled.
- strukturerad minnesrepresentation
- använder meningsfullt material och “stora” strukturer (berättelser)
- t.ex. Bartlett (1930-talet) ← motsats till enkelt material!
Datametaforen och
The modal model (Atkinson, Shiffrins, 1968)
- Fokus på: inkodning - lagring - återhämtning
- t.ex. Broadbent, Neisser
- grund för teorin om flera delsystem för minne
The modal model
Man tänker sig minnet som en form av lagringsplats, typ som flera delsystem (“lådor”) vilka man kan flytta information emellan.
ENVIRONMENT → SENSORY MEMORY → SHORT-TERM MEMORY → LONG-TERM MEMORY
Sensoriskt minne
sensory memory
- Vi tycks komma ihåg väldigt mycket - men under kort tid
- Tack vare sensoriskt minne som vi kan titta på film:
vi får en flytande förståelse (skulle ju teoretiskt sett kunna vara en hackig upplevelse…)
Neisser (1967) distingeras 2 typer av sensoriskt minne:
- iconic memory (visuell information)
- echoic memory (auditiv information)
Korttidsminne
short-term memory, STM
A term applied to the retention of small amounts of material over periods of a few seconds.
“performance on a particular type of task, one involving the simple retention of small amounts of information, tested either immediately or after a short delay”
- en del av arbetsminnet!
Arbetsminne
working memory
A memory system that underpins our capacity to “keep things in mind” when performing complex tasks.
“a system that not only temporarily stores information but also manipulates it so as to allow people to perform such complex activities as reasoning, learning, and comprehension”
The working memory system consists of 4 components:
1) a central executive: resembling an attentional system
2) a phonological loop: used for verbal rehearsal
3) a visuo-spatial sketchpad: stores visual and spatial information briefly
4) episodic buffer: integrates information from the other components
Långtidsminne
long-term memory, LTM
A system or systems assumed to underpin the capacity to store information over long periods of time.
Explicit minne
explicit (declarative) memory
Memory that is open to intentional retrieval, whether based on recollecting personal events (episodic) or facts (semantic).
- a subpart of long-term memory
- we explicitly remember the information retrieved
Which is further divided into two types:
1) Episodic memory
the capacity to recollect individual experiences, allowing “mental time travel”
2) Semantic memory
our stored knowledge of our world
Implicit minne
iImplicit (non-declarative) memory
Retrieval of information from long-term memory through performance rather than explicit conscious recall or recognition.
- a subpart of long-term memory
- the evidence of learning comes from a change in behavior
- motor skills, conditioning, priming, etc
EX. When riding a bicycle, we do not need explicitly to remember what to do; we simply get on the bike and pedal away. The learning of motor skills is just one of a wide range of tasks that can be acquired implicitly.
Semantiskt minne
semantic memory
A system that is assumed to store accumulative knowledge of the world.
- t.ex. schemas
EX: Göteborg är Sveriges näststörsta stad.
Episodiskt minne
episodic memory
A system that is assumed to underpin the capacity to remember specific events.
EX: Igår lärde Stjepan mig hur man rengör kaffemaskinen på jobbet.
Mental time travel
A term coined by Tulving to emphasize the way in which episodic memory (specific events) allows us to relive the past and use this information to imagine the future!
Klassisk betingning (classical/Pavlovian conditioning)
A learning procedure whereby a neutral stimulus (a bell) that is paired repeatedly with a response-evoking stimulus (food), will come to evoke that response (salivation).
In other words: pairing a neutral, unconditioned stimulus (the bell) with a reflex response (salivation) leads to learning
So after conditioning, the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus and just presenting the bell (a ring) will make the dogs salivate.
The extinction of the conditioned response = if the conditioned stimulus (the bell) is presented repeatedly without the reward (food), the response (salivation) will reduce and gradually cease.
