3. Short-term memory

Question 1

Digit span

Answer 1

Maximum number of sequentially presented digits that can reliably be recalled in the correct order

• the longest sequence that could be repeated back without error
• the digit span test is typically referred to as reflecting short-term memory (STM)

Question 2

Arbetsminneskapacitet

working memory span

Answer 2

Term applied to a range of complex memory span tasks in which simultaneous storage and processing is required.

• predicts a wide range of cognitive skills, including performance on the reasoning tasks often used to assess intelligence
• the more complex task (of digit span test) is typically referred to as reflecting working memory span.

Question 3

Fonologiska loopen

the phonological loop

Answer 3

Basically a model of verbal STM, which assumes a temporary store and a verbal rehearsal process.

• explains verbal STM by assuming a temporary store and an articulatory rehearsal process
• helps in learning new words
• helps in controlling actions
• fenomenet försämras av artikulatorisk dämpning (articulatory suppression) (säga ett annat ord samtidigt)

1) korttidslagring
2) artikulatorisk repetitionsprocess (upprepar enheterna som ska minnas för sig själv)

AUDITORY speech is assumed to feed directly into the phonological store.

VISUALLY presented items can also be fed into the store if they are nameable, such as digits, letters, or nameable objects, through a process of vocal or subvocal articulation, whereby you say the items to yourself.

Question 4

Fonologiska likhetseffekten

the phonological similarity effect

Answer 4

A tendency for immediate serial recall of verbal material to be reduced, when the items are similar in sound.

Fenomen som sker vid återhämtning p.g.a. färre särskiljande drag - det är ljudet av orden som påverkar minnet av dem!

EXEMPEL
Lättare att komma ihåg:
- pit, day, cow, pen, top (låter olika!)

Svårare att komma ihåg:
- mad, can, man, mat, cap (låter lika!)

Question 5

Artikulatorisk dämpning

articulatory suppression

Answer 5

A technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requiring participants to continuously repeat a spoken item.

dvs man upprepar ett orelaterat ord som blir ett störningsmoment

EX säg “gris” mellan varje siffra (läs högt)

Question 6

Ordlängdseffekten

The word length effect

Answer 6

A tendency for verbal memory span to decrease when longer words are used.

• word length also caused forgetting during the recall phase due to the fact that longer words take longer to recall, allowing more forgetting to occur
• word length effects occur during both rehearsal and recall

Question 7

Irrelevant sound effect

Answer 7

A tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including both speech and music.

• white noise disrupts perception, but does not impair recall, whereas irrelevant speech does.
• music interfered with digit recall, finding that vocal music was more disruptive than instrumental.
• så finns inget som visar att man kan koncentrera sig bättre när man pluggar genom att lyssna på musik, utan det försämras faktiskt!

Question 8

Chunking

Miller, 1956

Answer 8

The process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of long-term memory

dvs att “klumpa ihop” enheter för att lättare komma ihåg dem:

EX ett telefonnummer
076 325 30 74

Question 9

Recency effect

Answer 9

A tendency for the last few items in a list to be well recalled.

the recency effect is not limited to any single type of memory system but instead reflects a specific retrieval strategy that takes advantage of the fact that the most recent events are the most readily available to recall

Question 10

Primacy effect

Answer 10

A tendency for the first few items in a sequence to be better recalled than most of the following items.

Question 11

Long-term recency

Answer 11

A tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long-term memory.

Question 12

Corsi block tapping

Answer 12

Visuo-spatial counterpart to digit span involving an array of blocks that the tester taps in a sequence and the patient attempts to copy.

A classic spatial task is the block tapping test:
the participant is faced with an array of nine blocks. The experimenter taps a number of blocks in sequence and the participant attempts to imitate this, with the length of sequence increasing until performance breaks down. This is known as Corsi span, and is typically around five blocks (usually about two items below digit span).

Question 13

Visuo-spatial STM

Answer 13

Retention of visual and/or spatial information over brief periods of time.

There’s a distinction between:

1) spatial STM — remembering where
2) object memory — remembering what.

In practice, these two systems work together but tasks have been developed that particularly emphasize one or other of these two forms of visuo-spatial memory.

Question 14

Korttidsminne

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 14

Temporary storage of relatively small amounts of information

Question 15

Arbetsminne
Working memory (WK)

Answer 15

A complex system that is capable of both storing and manipulating information