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Bethel Biology > 1: The Study of Life > Flashcards

1: The Study of Life Flashcards

The Science of Biology, Themes and Concepts of Biology

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1
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments.

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2
Q

What is a conclusion?

A

The section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings.

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3
Q

What is a control?

A

The part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment.

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4
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

A form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results.

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5
Q

What is descriptive science?

A

The form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate.

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6
Q

What is a discussion?

A

The section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes how variables may be related, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question.

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7
Q

What does it mean to be falsifiable?

A

Able to be disproven by experimental results.

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8
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A suggested explanation for an observation, which can be tested.

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9
Q

What is hypothesis-based science?

A

A form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers.

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10
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

A form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion.

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11
Q

What is an introduction?

A

The opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper.

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12
Q

What is life science?

A

A field of science, such as biology, that studies living things.

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13
Q

What are the materials and methods section of a paper?

A

The section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques used by the researchers to gather data.

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14
Q

What is natural science?

A

A field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes.

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15
Q

What is a peer-reviewed manuscript?

A

A scientific paper that is reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues who are experts in the field of study.

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16
Q

What is physical science?

A

A field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter.

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17
Q

What is plagiarism?

A

Using other people’s work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the author’s original ideas.

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18
Q

What is the results section of a paper?

A

The section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation.

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19
Q

What is a review article?

A

A paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature.

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20
Q

What is science?

A

Knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method.

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21
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis.

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22
Q

What is serendipity?

A

A fortunate accident or a lucky surprise.

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23
Q

What is a theory?

A

A tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena.

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24
Q

What is a variable?

A

A part of an experiment that an experimenter can vary or change.

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25
Q

Who was the first person to document the scientific method?

A

England’s Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626).

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26
Q

How did the discovery of DNA help solve practical problems?

A

Understanding the mechanisms of DNA replication enabled scientists to develop laboratory techniques that are used to identify genetic diseases, identify individuals from a crime scene, and determine paternity.

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27
Q

What is an example of serendipity in scientific discovery?

A

The discovery of Penicillin by biologist Alexander Fleming, who accidentally left a petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria open. A mold of Penicillium grew on the dish, killing the bacteria, and a new antibiotic was discovered.

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28
Q

What is the IMRaD format?

A

A format of scientific paper, consisting of the sections Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, and Discussion. There are usually acknowledgement and reference sections as well as an abstract at the beginning of the paper. There might be additional sections as well, such as an outline.

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29
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest and most fundamental unit of matter.

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30
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of the chemistry of biological organisms.

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31
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The collection of all the ecosystems on Earth.

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32
Q

What is botany?

A

The study of plants.

33
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things.

34
Q

What is a community?

A

The set of populations inhabiting a particular area.

35
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment.

36
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

An organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

37
Q

What is evolution?

A

The process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species and some species become extinct.

38
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions.

39
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules.

40
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of the structure and function of microorganisms.

41
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.

42
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

The study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins.

43
Q

What is neurobiology?

A

The study of the biology of the nervous system.

44
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function.

45
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs.

46
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions.

47
Q

What is an organism?

A

An individual living entity.

48
Q

What is paleontology?

A

The study of life’s history by means of fossils.

49
Q

What is the phylogenetic tree?

A

A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections.

50
Q

What is a population?

A

All of the individuals of a species living within a specific area.

51
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

52
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of similar cells carrying out related functions.

53
Q

What is zoology?

A

The study of animals.

54
Q

What are the shared properties of life?

A

Order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, energy processing, and evolution.

55
Q

How do living organisms exhibit order?

A

Atoms make up molecules, molecules make up cellular organelles, organelles make up cells, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs are organized into organ systems.

56
Q

What are some examples of sensitivity to stimuli?

A

Plants can bend toward a source of light, climb on fences or walls, or respond to touch. Bacteria can move toward or away from chemicals (chemotaxis) or light (phototaxis).

57
Q

What are the terms for movement toward and away from a stimulus?

A

Movement toward a stimulus is considered positive response, and movement away from a stimulus is considered negative response.

58
Q

How do organisms reproduce?

A

Single-celled organisms reproduce by duplicating their DNA, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide into two new cells. Multicellular organisms often produce specialized reproductive “germline” cells that will form new individuals. When reproduction occurs, the organism’s DNA is passed along to an organism’s offspring.

59
Q

How do organisms exhibit growth and development?

A

Organisms grow and develop according to instructions encoded in their genes which direct cellular growth and development.

60
Q

What are some examples of regulation?

A

Two examples of internal functions regulated in an organism are nutrient transport and blood flow. Organs perform specific functions, such as carrying oxygen throughout the body, removing wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body.

61
Q

What are some examples of conditions regulated by homeostasis?

A

Temperature, pH, and chemical concentrations.

62
Q

What are some examples of adaptations for regulating homeostasis in cold climates?

A

Fur, feathers, blubber, and fat.

63
Q

What are some examples of adaptations that allow organisms to regulate homeostasis in hot climates?

A

Perspiration in humans and panting in dogs.

64
Q

What are some ways that organisms process energy?

A

Some organisms perform photosynthesis, others use chemical energy consumed as food.

65
Q

What are the levels of organization of living things?

A

Atoms are composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules. Molecules can form biological macromolecules. Aggregates of macromolecules can form organelles. Organelles are contained within cells. Cells can combine to form tissues, and tissues can combine to form organs, and organs can combine to form organ systems. Organ systems can compose (macro-)organisms. The individuals of a species in an area is considered a population. The collection of populations in an area is a community. An ecosystem is a community and the non-living things in an area. All ecosystems on the planet are considered the biosphere.

66
Q

What are some examples of organelles?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

67
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Mitochondria produce energy to power the cell.

68
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Chloroplasts enable green plants to utilize the energy in sunlight to make sugars.

69
Q

Why are viruses considered non-living?

A

They are not composed of cells, but must invade and hijack cells in order to reproduce.

70
Q

What is an example of an organ system?

A

The circulatory system in animals that transports blood throughout the body and to and from the lungs, which includes organs such as the heart and blood vessels.

71
Q

What were the original five kingdoms of biology?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria.

72
Q

What was the original organizational scheme based upon?

A

Mainly physical features, as opposed to physiology, biochemistry, or molecular biology.

73
Q

Who created the three recognized domains of life?

A

American microbiologist Carl Woese in the early 1970s.

74
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic, and the third is eukaryotic.

75
Q

What are some characteristics of Archaea?

A

They often live under extreme conditions and are considered extremophiles.

76
Q

How did Woese construct the three domains?

A

He used genetic relationships through comparative sequencing of homologous DNA and RNA sequences that are universally distributed, present in every organism, and conserved.

77
Q

What is forensic science?

A

The application of science to answer questions related to the law. They provide scientific evidence for use in courts, and their job involves examining trace materials associated with crimes.

78
Q

What are some general job activities of a forensic scientist?

A

Their activities are primarily related to crimes against people, such as murder, rape, and assault. Their work involves analyzing samples such as hair, blood, and other body fluids and also processing DNA found in many different environments and materials. They also analyze other biological evidence left at crime scenes, such as insect larvae, or pollen grains.

79
Q

Which general classes are required to become a forensic scientist?

A

Chemistry and biology courses, as well as some intensive math courses.

Bethel Biology (47 decks)

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