1 - The Origins of European Integration

Question 1

3 considerations for European integration

Answer 1

1) realization of own weakness after growth of US and USSR
2) Prevent future military conflict after the world wars, “never again”
3) Better, freer, more just world where international relations could be more orderly

Question 2

First step of European Integration

Answer 2

creation of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

Question 3

Germany post WWII

Answer 3

occupied by allies (Yalta conference and Potsdam conference)
allies unified zones in 1949 to create the Federal Republic of Germany; East Germany became the German Democratic Republic
Problem of a re-empowered Germany remains

Question 4

Ruhr and Saar

Answer 4

coal rich German regions that could allow for the remilitarization of Germany

Question 5

Marshall Plan

Answer 5

3% of US GNP to aid in European recovery and to prevent the spread of communism

Question 6

Summed up goals with US, Germany, and USSR

Answer 6

Keep US in, keep Germany down, and keep Russia out

Question 7

Unanimity

Answer 7

all members need to agree to take action

Question 8

Qualified Majority Voting

Answer 8

the majority is 50%+1 of the weighted votes of every state

Question 9

3 reasons for integration

Answer 9

1) effects of WWII and threat of east west conflict meant Franco-German reconciliation was a priority
2) the decision to pool coal and steel industries in 1951 was the first step toward integration
3) the Treaty of Rome 1957 strengthened the foundations

Question 10

Treaty of Paris 1951

Answer 10

Agreement between France, West Germany, Italy, Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) to establish the ECSC

Question 11

The role of the USA

Answer 11

assist in a fast reconstruction and rearm Germany, unify Western Europe

Question 12

ECSC structure

Answer 12

High authority (2 members for each big member state and 1 minister for each small state + 1 president)
Council of ministers (1 minister from each member state)
Common Assembly (appointed Members of Parliament (MPS) from each member state)
Court of Justice

Question 13

French resistance to German remilitarization

Answer 13

proposed the European Defense Committee
Federal Germany formed an army anyway and adhered to NATO in 1955

Question 14

formation of the EEC

Answer 14

Dutch government proposed a common market for all of the industrial sector, France insisted on a special regime for agriculture

Question 15

Treaties of Rome

Answer 15

March 25, 1957
Italy, France, Germany, Benelux signed
Created the European Economic Community (EEC) and EURATOM

Question 16

EEC and EURATOM structure

Answer 16

High authority (2 members for each big member state and 1 minister for each small state + 1 president)
Council of ministers (1 minister from each member state), legislative
Common Assembly (appointed Members of Parliament (MPS) from each member state)
Court of Justice
COREPER: committee of the permanent representatives of the MS

Question 17

Fusion Treaty

Answer 17

April 1965 merged the EEC, ECSC, and EURATOM

Question 18

ECSC objectives

Answer 18

common coal and steel market as an experiment, first step towards a European Federation

Question 19

EEC objectives

Answer 19

establish a common market based on the four freedoms of movement (goods, persons, capital, services)
A company can sell goods anywhere in the EU

Question 20

EURATOM objectives

Answer 20

coordinate the supply of fissile materials and research programs for the peaceful use of nuclear energy

Question 21

Robert Schuman’s appeal

Answer 21

French foreign minister, plan to put the use of coal and steel resources under a supranational high authority to prevent a future war; starting point of European integration

Question 22

Focuses of the Treaty of Paris

Answer 22

1) freedom of movement of goods and free access to sources of production
2) permanent monitoring of the market to prevent distortions
3) rules of competition and price transparency
4) modernization of coal and steel sectors

Question 23

Plans for European army

Answer 23

European Defense Community and a Political Community were negotiated but France refused to ratify

Question 24

EEC treaty provisions (6)

Answer 24

1) elimination of customs duties between MS
2) creation of an External Customs tariff
3) Common policies for agriculture and transport
4) Creation of the European Social Fund
5) Establishment of a European Investment Bank
6) development of closer relations between MS

Question 25

The EURATOM Treaty

Answer 25

ambitious objectives for the establishment and growth of nuclear industries, eventually scaled back