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P.T. Anatomy And Physiology For Exercise And Health > 1. The Heart And Circulatory System And Its Relation To Exercise And Health > Flashcards

1. The Heart And Circulatory System And Its Relation To Exercise And Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the function of the heart valves?

A

Prevents unwanted backflow of blood into the chambers.

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2
Q

What is the heart muscle called?

A

Myocardium.

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3
Q

Where are the semilunar valves located?

A

The semilunar (SL) valves are located at the base of the arteries leaving the heart (aorta and pulmonary).

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4
Q

What are the vales between the atria and ventricles called?

A

Atrioventricular (AV).

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5
Q

How many coronary arteries are there?

A

Two.

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6
Q

The right coronary artery supplies blood to which part of the heart?

A

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle

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7
Q

The left coronary artery supplies blood to which part of the heart?

A

The left coronary artery divides into two, supplying blood to the left ventricle and posterior of the heart.

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8
Q

What is the term used to describe hardening of the arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis.

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9
Q

Describe the changes that occur in arteries as a result of plaque formation.

A

The arteries become thicker, harder and less elastic.

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10
Q

Give two risks associated with hypertension.

A

Ischaemic heart disease (heart attack) and cerebrovascular disease (stroke).

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11
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

A heart attack.

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12
Q

Give five lifestyle factors that could contribute to blood vessel disease.

A
  • Family history
  • Lack of exercise
  • Stress
  • Unhealthy diet / overweight
  • Smoking
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13
Q

What is another name given to a stroke?

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

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14
Q

What is the term used to describe a reduction in blood flow or lack of blood?

A

Vascular disease.

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15
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is a measure of forced that blood applies to the walls of the arteries as it flows through them.

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16
Q

What unit is blood pressure measured in?

A

Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).

17
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute (ml/min).

18
Q

What is the total peripheral resistance?

A

Total peripheral resistance is the resistance the blood vessels offer to blood flow.

19
Q

Describe systolic blood pressure (SBP)

A

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is the pressure exerted on the artery walls during the contraction phase of the heartbeat.

20
Q

Describe diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

A

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is the pressure exerted on the artery walls during the relaxation phase of the heartbeat.

21
Q

What is the average blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg.

22
Q

What blood pressure reading would indicate stage 2 hypertension?

A

160-179/100-109 mmHg.

23
Q

What SBP and DBP readings would be a contraindication to exercise?

A

Readings above 180 systolic and 110 diastolic.

24
Q

What is considered to be a low blood pressure reading?

A

<100/<60 mmHg.

25
Q

What is the Valsalva effect?

A

The Valsalva effect is created by the Valsalva manoeuvre, which involves holding the breath while straining or forced exhalation against a close airway (glottis).

26
Q

What short-term effect dose aerobic exercise have on systolic blood pressure (SBP)?

A

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases.

27
Q

What short-term effect dose aerobic exercise have on diastolic blood pressure (DBP)?

A

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) may decrease slightly due to vasodilation, or it will remain unchanged.

28
Q

What short-term effect dose heavy resistance training have on DBP?

A

Heavy resistance training will increase DBP.

29
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out with each beat of the heart.

30
Q

Name three long-term cardiovascular changes caused by regular aerobic training.

A
  • Lowers resting heart rate
  • Lowers blood pressure
  • Greater stroke volume
31
Q

The heart

A
  • The heart is a muscular pump.
  • It is located behind and to the left of the sternum.
  • It supplies blood to the body’s tissues.
32
Q

The valves of the heart

A

Right & Left semi-lunar valves: As each ventricle relaxes, pressure in the chamber drops. Higher blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta forces the valves to shut, preventing back-flow of blood into the ventricle.

Right & Left atrioventricular valves: These are forced shut as each ventricle contracts. These prevent blood from flowing back into the atriums.

33
Q

Coronary circulation

A
  • Oxygen and nutrients are carried in the blood.
  • The coronary circulation is comprised of two branches.
  • They supply both the superficial and deep tissues of the heart.
34
Q

Vascular disease

A
  • Vascular disease is the narrowing of the blood vessels.
  • It’s caused by plaque build-up on the vessel wall.
  • It restricts or prevents blood flow to tissues and organs.
35
Q

Blood pressure and health risks

A

Ischemic heart disease, e.g. valve disease and myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Cerebro-vascular disease, e.g. strokes and degenerative conditions.

36
Q

Cardiovascular benefits of endurance aerobic training

A

A greater stroke volume, i.e. more blood pumped per beat.

  • A lower relative exercise heart rate, which allows for greater performance potential.
  • Stronger, more elastic arteries.
  • Lower levels of cholesterol.
  • An improved blood supply to the body’s tissues.
  • Higher levels of haemoglobin in the blood, which increases its oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • Lower blood pressure in the long term.
37
Q

Exercise and blood pressure considerations

A
  • Physical activity carries certain risks to those with pre-existing high blood pressure:
    • Further increases in already-high blood pressure.
    • Valsava effect – caused by holding your breath while straining.
  • For most people, the benefits are likely to outweigh the risks.

P.T. Anatomy And Physiology For Exercise And Health (8 decks)

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