1. Period following Reconstruction AA leaders faced difficult choices

Question 1

Period following Reconstruction AA leaders faced difficult choices

Answer 1

1. Could organise, resist white violence and intimidation, and hope to regain political influence of the period after 1865
2. Could withdraw from all attempts at political and social equality
   accept segregation and focus on improving their education.
   by hard work try to make progress without antagonising the whites, collaborating with them but not challenging their authority.
3. cCould work within the accepted legal system and use courts to challenge denial of the constitutional rights established in Reconstruction
4. Could attempt to establish a separate state within a state withdrawing from the hostile white world

Question 2

e.g. of Resistance to violence:

Answer 2

1. the Coloured Farmers’ Association of the 1880s.
2. Individuals like Ida B. Wells who openly carried two guns strapped to her waist.
   reforming journalist. led an anti-lynching campaign in the 1890s.
   anticipated the campaigns of 1950s by protesting against being ordered from a segregated train carriage in 1884.
   1896 formed the National Association of Coloured Women.
   Campaigned for women’s rights as well as being anti-racism.
3. Emergence of late 20th century resistance movements
   Black power (a movement or ideology determined by AA to gain power for themselves)
   The Black Panthers (nationalist and socialist AA organisation formed in 1966 and lasting until 1982)

Question 3

e.g. of Belief in remaining within law and using it:

Answer 3

1. origins in the view of E. J. Waring an AA lawyer from Baltimore.
   anticipated leaders of NAACP by using lawsuits to test discrimination.

2. 1859-1914 
like MLK active Baptist 
studied law at Howard University  
acted for the mutual brotherhood of liberty (a civil right organisation) by challenging segregation and campaigning against lynching 
formed savings banks for AA 
first AA to be a judge in Baltimore.

3. the idea was advanced by Thurgood Marshall and other leaders of the NAACP and was a constant thread throughout the period

Question 4

e.g. Idea of separatism emerged early after Reconstruction period:

Answer 4

Edwin McCabe tried to set up a separate AA community in Kansas.
former Kansas state official who had lost his job after 1877
failed but idea remained.
prominent advocate Marcus Garvey
idea underpinned organisations like the Nation of Islam and the Black Power movement.
if AA could not be equal they could be separate but on their own terms

Question 5

Those who attempted to ensure AA enjoyed equal rights & participated equally in political process had the Reconstruction leaders as models

Answer 5

this thread ran throughout the period with activists such as W.E.B Dubois, Phillip Randolph and many local leaders and campaigners.
culminated in leadership of Martin Luther King Jr. and his fellow supporters of the ‘dream’ of equality.