1. Origins of the Cold War

Question 1

____ is the basis of Communism, and it believes that the middle-class ‘____’ who own industry will be overthrown by the ____ workers in ____.

There would be a ____ of the ____ before all class boundaries ____, the dictatorship would ‘____ ____’ and it would be a ‘____ ____’.

Communists believe in state ____ and enforced ____.

Answer 1

Marxism is the basis of Communism, and it believes that the middle-class ‘bourgeoisie’ who own industry will be overthrown by the proletariat workers in revolution.

There would be a dictatorship of the proletariat before all class boundaries disappeared, the dictatorship would ‘whither away’ and it would be a ‘workers’ paradise’.

Communists believe in state ownership and enforced equality.

Question 2

Capitalism is where ____ of goods is based on making a ____ -> ____ economy and ____ markets.

People would earn what they ____ based on ____ ____.

The model works well with Parliamentary democracy, which allows ____ of ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 2

Capitalism is where production of goods is based on making a profit -> privatised economy and free markets.

People would earn what they deserve based on hard work.

The model works well with Parliamentary democracy, which allows freedom of speech and civil liberties.

Question 3

The Bolshevikes seized power in ____ ____ under Lenin and left ____ ____ ____, signing the Treaty of ____-____ and thereby launching the ____ ____ ____ (____-__)

Answer 3

The Bolshevikes seized power in October 1917 under Lenin and left World War One, signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and thereby launching the Russian Civil War (1918-21)

Question 4

Woodrow Wilson, US President during ____, wanted to create a ____, ____ world with ____ and ____ between nations.

This was ____ ____ to Lenin’s view of the world.

Answer 4

Woodrow Wilson, US President during WW1, wanted to create a free, democratic world with trade and cooperation between nations.

This was diametrically opposed to Lenin’s view of the world.

Question 5

As the Bolsheviks seized power, many US officials who had been working with the ____ were horrified at the ____ ____ of the old order, and fled to ____, ____.

US policy followed these ‘____ ____’, who were determined to stop the ____ of ____.

Answer 5

As the Bolsheviks seized power, many US officials who had been working with the Tsar were horrified at the brutal treatment of the old order, and fled to Riga, Latvia.

US policy followed these ‘Riga Axioms’, who were determined to stop the spread of Communism.

Question 6

____, ____, and ____ forces fought with the Tsarist ‘____’ forces during the Russian Civil War, which the Bolsheviks won.

This created ____ ____ of the ____.

Distrust by the West is evidenced in the US refusal to ____ the ____ of the USSR until ____, which would have increased Soviet ____ also.

Answer 6

US, British, and French forces fought with the Tsarist ‘White’ forces during the Russian Civil War, which the Bolsheviks won.

This created lasting distrust of the West.

Distrust by the West is evidenced in the US refusal to acknowledge the existence of the USSR until the 1933, which would have increased Soviet distrust also.

Question 7

In ____, Poland defeated the Russians in a war and extended their ____ into ____ (Treaty of ____​)

Soviet foreign policy subsequently focused on ____ these ____ ____.

Answer 7

In 1920**, Poland defeated the Russians in a war and extended their border into Russia (Treaty of Riga).

Soviet foreign policy subsequently focused on getting these lands back.

Question 8

After the Civil War, Soviet foreign policy became predominantely concerned with ____ Russian ____ rather than spreading ‘____ ____’.

However in ____, ____ encouraged Communist groups in other countries and they supported ____ activities.

Answer 8

After the Civil War, Soviet foreign policy became predominantely concerned with ensuring Russian security rather than spreading ‘world revolution’.

However in 1919, Comintern** encouraged Communist groups in other countries and they supported subversive activities.

Question 9

When the ____ ____ hit America in the ____, many disillusioned workers and business men like ____ ____ saw the great ____ of Russia as an opportunity and ____ were made.

Answer 9

When the Great Depression hit America in the 1930s, many disillusioned workers and business men like Henry Ford saw the great industrialisation of Russia as an opportunity and links were made.

Question 10

President Roosevelt recognised the existence of the USSR for the first time in ____

Answer 10

President Roosevelt recognised the existence of the USSR for the first time in 1933

Question 11

Stalin accepted foreign assistance initially, but when he began his ‘____’ many were forced to ____. Americans who had sympathised with the USSR in the ____ left ____.

Renewed Western ____ of ____.

Answer 11

Stalin accepted foreign assistance initially, but when he began his ‘purges’ many were forced to leave. Americans who had sympathised with the USSR in the 1930s left horrified.

Renewed Western distrust of USSR.

Question 12

In ____ ____, four days before the election that saw the defeat of the minority labour government to the conservative party, the Daily Mail published the forged ____ ____, straining Anglo-Soviet relations,

Then in ____ there was a war scare over the ____ raid, breaching a ____ trade agreement with Russia.

This definitively marked the ____-____ split.

Answer 12

In October 1924, four days before the election that saw the defeat of the minority labour government to the conservative party, the Daily Mail published the forged Zinoviev letter, straining Anglo-Soviet relations,

Then in 1927 there was a war scare over the ARCOS (like ‘Argos’) raid, breaching a 1921 trade agreement with Russia.

This definitively marked the Anglo-Soviet split.

Question 13

When Hitler came to power in ____, Stalin realised he needed to take a more active role with the ____, as Hitler wanted to ____ ____.

Therefore:

1. In ____ the USSR joined the League of Nations
2. In ____ signed ____ with France and Czechoslovakia
3. In ____ interevened to try and prevent ____ in the Spanish Civil War

Answer 13

When Hitler came to power in 1933, Stalin realised he needed to take a more active role with the West, as Hitler wanted to annihilate Communism.

Therefore:

1. In 1934 the USSR joined the League of Nations
2. In 1935 signed alliances with France and Czechoslovakia
3. In 1936 interevened to try and prevent facism in the Spanish Civil War

Question 14

When ____ and ____ appeased Hitler’s demands for part of Czechoslovakia in the ____ ____ ____, Stalin feared they were setting the Nazis up to destroy ____.

Answer 14

When Britain and France appeased Hitler’s demands for part of Czechoslovakia in the 1938 Munich Agreement, Stalin feared they were setting the Nazis up to destroy Communism.

Question 15

Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in ____ ____ to buy Russia time to ____ in time for the war, but it ____ the world and allowed Germany to invade ____ and start ____.

Answer 15

Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in August 1939 to buy Russia time to industrialise in time for the war, but it shocked the world and allowed Germany to invade Poland and start WW2.

Question 16

When the Nazis invaded Poland in ____, the USSR took the half they had lost in ____ (a ____ agreement between Stalin and Hitler).

By ____, the USSR had also expanded their territory by taking the ____ ____ and parts of ____, which was also part of the ____-____ ____.

Answer 16

When the Nazis invaded Poland in 1939, the USSR took the half they had lost in 1920 (a secret agreement between Stalin and Hitler).

By 1941, the USSR also expanded their territory by taking the Baltic States and parts of Finland, which was also part of the Nazi-Soviet Pact.

Question 17

The USSR was brought into ____ by the Nazi invasion in ____ ____.

The US were brought in by Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour in ____ ____.

The three victimised powers, Britain, the US, and the USSR, became known as the ‘____ ____’ against the Axis powers of ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 17

The USSR was brought into WW2 by the Nazi invasion in June 1941.

The US were brought in by Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbour in December 1941.

The three victimised powers, Britain, the US, and the USSR, became known as the ‘Grand Alliance’ against the Axis powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy.

Question 18

Soviet aims for the war were:

1. The complete defeat of ____
2. An area of direct Soviet contol in ____, ____, ____, and Soviet occupied ____
3. An ‘intermediate zone’ of neither capitalist or Communist countries such as ____, ____, and ____

Answer 18

Soviet aims for the war were:

1. The complete defeat of Germany
2. An area of direct Soviet contol in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and Soviet occupied Germany
3. An ‘intermediate zone’ of neither capitalist or Communist countries such as Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

Question 19

The US aims for the war:

1. World ____ ____
2. An organisation of collective security i.e. the ____ ____
3. Security in the ____ against attacks like ____ ____

Answer 19

The US aims for the war:

1. World free trade
2. An organisation of collective security i.e. the United Nations
3. Security in the seas against attacks like Pearl Harbour

Question 20

Britain’s aims for the war:

1. To retain its ____ as far as possible
2. Be on friendly terms with the ____ and the ____
3. But wanted to prevent the advance of ____, which it thought would damage its economic interests in the ____ ____ and the ____ ____.

Overall however Britain was prepared to ____ ____ ____ behind the US after WW2 to ensure ____, especially given its destroyed post-war _____.

Answer 20

Britain’s aims for the war:

1. To retain its empire as far as possible
2. Be on friendly terms with the US and the USSR
3. But wanted to prevent the advance of Communism, which it thought would damage its economic interests in the Suez Canal and the Middle East.

Overall however Britain was prepared to fall into line behind the US after WW2 to ensure peace, especially given its destroyed post-war economy.

Question 21

The Atlantic Charter of ____ committed Britain and America to the ____ ____ of Germany and the setting up of a ____ ____ order.

The USSR was ____ ____ to the negotiations.

Answer 21

The Atlantic Charter of 1941** committed Britain and America to the complete defeat of Germany and the setting up of a new world order.

The USSR was not invited to the negotiations.

Question 22

The Tehran Conference in ____ to ____ ____, drew up plans that allowed the USSR to invade ____ and ____ _____ Europe ____, and create a ____ of ____ there.

Britain and the US would invade from the ____.

Answer 22

The Tehran Conference in November to December 1943, drew up plans that allowed the USSR to invade eastern and south eastern Europe alone, and create a sphere of influence there.

Britain and the US would invade from the West.

Question 23

Stalin was suspicious that the delay of the ____ ____ and thereby the creation of a ‘____ ____’ until ____ was a deliberate attempt at ____ the Soviet Union which had been fighting longer.

Answer 23

Stalin was suspicious that the delay of the Normandy landings and thereby the creation of a ‘second front’ until 1944 was a deliberate attempt at weakening the Soviet Union which had been fighting longer.

Question 24

Allied Control Commissions (ACCs) were the occupying forces’ means of setting up ____ in the ____ states.

The US and Britain generally allowed ____ ____ to form, but the USSR used them to enhance ____.

Answer 24

Allied Control Commissions (ACCs) were the occupying forces’ means of setting up order in the annexed states.

The US and Britain generally allowed new governments to form, but the USSR used them to enhance Communism.

Question 25

The USSR allowed the Nazis to defeat the **Warsaw Uprising** in \_\_\_\_, despite Red Army troops being just across the ____ River, in order to ____ their biggest rival for ____ of Poland - the Polish ____ \_\_\_\_. Around ____ Poles died as a result, the majority of them \_\_\_\_. This ____ the West.

Answer 25

The USSR allowed the Nazis to defeat the Warsaw Uprising in **1944**, despite Red Army troops being just across the **Vistula** River, in order to **destroy** their biggest rival for **control** of Poland - the Polish **Home Army**. Around **150,000** Poles died as a result, the majority of them **civillians**. This **disgusted** the West.

Question 26

**Italy** and **France** were liberated by ____ powers and set up ____ \_\_\_\_ governments who made links with the \_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

Italy and France were liberated by **Western** powers and set up **their own** governments who made links with the **USSR**.

Question 27

At the **Yalta Conference** of ____ \_\_\_\_, there was agreement on: 1. Polish borders to the \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ line 2. The need for Soviet \_\_\_\_ 3. The need for ____ \_\_\_\_ across Europe which was put into the 'Declaration on ____ \_\_\_\_' However, the 'Declaration' was ____ and easy for Stalin to \_\_\_\_

Answer 27

At the Yalta Conference of **February 1945**, there was agreement on: 1. Polish borders to the **Oder-Neisse** line 2. The need for Soviet **reparations** 3. The need for **democratic elections** across Europe which was put into the '**Declaration on Liberated Europe**' However, the 'Declaration' was **vague** and easy for Stalin to **manipulate**.

Question 28

In ____ \_\_\_\_, President ____ replaced the deceased Roosevelt and was more ____ to Communism. In ____ \_\_\_\_, Churchill was replaced by Labour PM ____ \_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

In **April 1945**, President **Truman** replaced the deceased Roosevelt and was more **hostile** to Communism. In **July 1945**, Churchill was replaced by Labour PM **Clement Atlee**

Question 29

The **Potsdam Conference** of ____ to ____ \_\_\_\_ was ____ \_\_\_\_, and Truman became increasingly suspicious of the apparent ____ \_\_\_\_ into eastern Europe, accusing Stalin of not sticking to the ____ element of the ____ Agreement.

Answer 29

The Potsdam Conference of **July** to **August 1945** was **bad tempered**. Truman became increasingly suspicious of the apparent **Communist spread** into eastern Europe, accusing Stalin of not sticking to the **democratic** element of the **Yalta** Agreement.

Question 30

Potsdam **agreed** on: 1. Divided Germany into ____ \_\_\_\_ zones, with whole country issues (that had not been ____ on) to be decided by four ____ \_\_\_\_ (to form an \_\_\_\_) from each power. 2. Agreed that ____ should be taken, and the Soviets could get \_\_% from the other occupied zones, as they had been the most \_\_\_\_. 3. Set up a ____ of ____ to deal with treaties for other defeated powers like \_\_\_\_.

Answer 30

Potsdam agreed on: 1. Divided Germany into **four occupied** zones, with whole country issues (that had not been **agreed** on) to be decided by four **High Commissioners** (to form an **ACC**) ffrom each power. 2. Agreed that **reparations** should be taken, and the Soviets could get **25**% from the other occupied zones, as they had been the most **damaged**. 3. Set up a **Council** of **minister** to deal with treaties for other defeated powers like **Italy**.

Question 31

The Potsdam Agreement was a ____ not a \_\_\_\_- it wasn't \_\_\_\_. Set up ____ \_\_\_\_ between the allies.

Answer 31

The Potsdam Agreement was a **protocol** not a **treaty** - it wasn't **binding**. Set up **future conflict** between the allies.

Question 32

Potsdam **did not** agree on: 1. Polish \_\_\_\_, but the West accepted that the ____ were in control and there was ____ they could \_\_\_\_. 2. **How much** control the ____ would have over the ____ of Germany.

Answer 32

Potsdam did not agree on: 1. Polish **borders**, but the West accepted that the **Soviets** were in control and there was **little** they could **do**. 2. How much control the **ACC** would have over the **whole** of Germany.

Question 33

At Potsdam, Truman had tried to ____ Stalin with a '\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_', however Stalin ____ \_\_\_\_ about the a-bomb, and this only served to make him ____ \_\_\_\_ to give into demands - ____ as the best form of \_\_\_\_, don;t show \_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

At Potsdam, Truman had tried to **threaten** Stalin with a '**new weapon**', however Stalin **already knew** about the a-bomb, and this only served to make him **less likely** to give into demands - **attack** as the best form of **defense**, don't show **fear**.

Question 34

In ____ \_\_\_\_, when the A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USSR became more ____ of the West, and determined to ____ \_\_\_\_ of its \_\_\_\_.

Answer 34

In **August 1945**, when the A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USSR became more **distrustful** of the West, and determined to **make one** of its **own**.

Question 35

What were the 'Four Ds' of Yalta?

Answer 35

1. De**militari**sation 2. De**nazi**fication 3. **Democrat**isation 4. De**central**isation

Question 36

In ____ \_\_\_\_, the **Percentages Agreement** was made between Stalin and Churchill, which became the basis of the Cold War ____ of \_\_\_\_.

Answer 36

In **October 1944**, the Percentages Agreement was made between Stalin and Churchill, which became the basis of the Cold War **spheres of influence**.

Question 37

While Roosevelt had ____ Stalin, Truman was a '\_\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_' as he was ____ and \_\_\_\_. Even though Stalin had ____ Tehran, he still had a much better relationship with ____ - Truman hugely ____ relations. Also Churchill and Stalin had been ____ - ____ was not a good substitute.

Answer 37

While Roosevelt had **trusted(ish)** Stalin, Truman was a '**Missouri Mule Driver**' as he was **insecure** and **inexperienced**. Even though Stalin had **bugged** Tehran, he still had a much better relationship with **Roosevelt** - Truman hugely **worsened** relations. Also Churchill and Stalin had been **mates** - **Attlee** was not a good substitute.