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Nutrition > 1. Nutrition & Nutrients > Flashcards

1. Nutrition & Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 diff. types of nutrients

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Protein
  3. Lipids
  4. Minerals
  5. Vitamins
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2
Q

What is the primary component of livestock feeds

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

What are the 3 categories of Carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharides (1 sugar molecule)
  2. Disaccharides (2 sugar molecules)
  3. Polysaccharides (may sugar molecules)
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4
Q

What are the two subcategories of monosaccharides

A
  1. pentoses

2. hexoses

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5
Q

Examples of Pentoses

A

Arabinose
Ribose
Xylose

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6
Q

Examples of Hexoses

A

Fructose
Glucose
Galactose
Mannose

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7
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

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8
Q

Examples of Polysaccharides

A 
Cellulose
Starch 
Glycogen
Gums 
Hemicellulose
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9
Q

Found in the highest conc., after water, in all living organisms

A

Protein

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10
Q

4 functions of Proteins:

A
  1. Protecting the body (hair/skin)
  2. Food digestion (enzymes)
  3. Stimulating growth (hormones)
  4. Immune reactions (Ig)
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11
Q

What is the purpose of the AA sequence in proteins

A

Determines proteins functions and properties

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12
Q

Proteins that contain minerals:

A

Haemoglobin

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13
Q

Proteins that contain carbohydrates:

A

Glycoproteins

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14
Q

Proteins that contain lipids:

A

lipoproteins

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15
Q

3 likely deficient AAs

A
  1. Lysine
  2. Methionine
  3. Tryptophan
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16
Q

Which AA is low in cereals

A

Trypthophan

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17
Q

When an AA required to synthesize a protein is not available, The AA is known as _______

A

Limiting AA

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18
Q

Organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent

A

Lipids

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19
Q

What are phospholipids and where are they found?

A

Fatty acids + phosphorus, found in cell memb.

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20
Q

Main role of lipids?

A

conc. form of energy

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21
Q

Fats are composed of Fatty acids (FA) of varied lengths combined with a ______ molecule

A

Glycerol

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22
Q

What is the diff. b/t saturated and unsaturated FAs

A

S: all C bonds are taken by H
US: open C bonds

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23
Q

____ FAs, The animal requires but not able to synthesize

A

Essential

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24
Q

What percentage of a monogastric’s diet should be Essential FAs

A

1%

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25
Q

Essential FAs are important for what?

A

the lipid-protein structure of the cell memb. (Prostaglandin)

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26
Q

C/S of Essential FA deficiency?

A

Scaly skin, necrosis of tail, poor feathering

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27
Q

T/F. It is common for mammals to show C/S of Essential FA deficiency?

A

F. Poultry

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28
Q

Inorganic components of the diet that are solid, crystalline elements that cannot be decomposed or synthesized by chemical reactions.

A

Minerals

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29
Q

What are macro-minerals?

A

major minerals found in conc. above 100ppm

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30
Q

What are micro-minerals

A

conc. less than 100ppm

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31
Q

Examples of Macro minerals

A 
Ca
P
Cl
Mg
K
Na
S
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32
Q

Most minerals found in the animal’s body is part of the ____

A

skeleton

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33
Q

What is the Ash content?

A

All the minerals left over when you burn a carcass

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34
Q

Important functions of minerals

A
  1. Enzyme activity
  2. Oxygen Transport
  3. Component of vitamines
  4. osmotic pressure
  5. Nervous system
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35
Q

What are the two categories of Vitamins

A
  1. Water soluble

2. fat soluble

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36
Q

which category of vitamins are required as a co-factor of enzymes

A

Water soluble

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37
Q

Where are most vitamins stored?

A

Liver

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38
Q

Common signs of vitamin deficiency

A 
Anorexia
reduced growth
dermatitis
muscular incoordination
weakness
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39
Q

Vit. A deficiency causes _____

A

blindness

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40
Q

Vit. D deficiency causes _____.

A

Rickets

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41
Q

Vit. K deficiency causes ____.

A

Tissue hemorrhage

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42
Q

_____ is required in the highest amt. in animal diet

A

Dietary Energy

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43
Q

What is the most important sorce of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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44
Q

The capacity to do work:

A

Energy

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45
Q

The amt. of energy needed to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius:

A

Calorie (Cal)

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46
Q

What is Digestible energy?

A

Gross Energy in feed - GE in poops

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47
Q

What is the most common analysis for feed samples

A

Proximate Analysis

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48
Q

What are the 6 categores measured in proximate analysis

A
  1. Dry matter
  2. Crude protein
  3. Ether Extract
  4. Crude Fiber
  5. Ash
  6. Nitrogen free extract
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49
Q

Most feeds have their nutritional composition presented in the basis of ______.

A

Dry matter

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50
Q

How is Dry matter determined?

A

Drying a sample in an oven until constant weight.

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51
Q

DM% =

A

(Dry wt. / Fresh wt)*100

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52
Q

How is Crude Protein (CP) estimated?

A

Kjeldahl method: measures N content irrespective of source

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53
Q

Results from the extracting a feed with ethyl ether or combination of organic solvents

A

Ether Extract (EE)/ Crude fat

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54
Q

How do you determine fatty acid composition?

A

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

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55
Q

How is Crude Fiber (CF) Determined?

A

Boiling ground feed in a weak acid– filtering– boiling in weak alkali– filtration– Drying

56
Q

Inorganic mineral content is determined by ___ content

A

Ash

57
Q

T/F Specific mineral content can be determined by ash content

A

F

must do other analysis to determine mineral content ( Atomic absorption, Spectrophotometry)

58
Q

Estimation of the readily vailable carbohydrates

A

Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)

59
Q

How do you calc. NFE?

A

100 - (CP + CFiber + Cfat + Ash)

60
Q

How is Energy calculated?

A

Oxygen Bomb Caloimeter

61
Q

More accurate in definin carbohydrate content not part of proximate analysis:

A

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acidic Detergent Fiber (ADF)

62
Q

What parts of plants contain NDF?

A

Structural components of the plant, specifically cell wall

63
Q

NDF is a predictor of voluntary intake because it provides _____ or _____

A

Bulk or fill

64
Q

T/F. Low NDF values are desired

A

T. b/c NDF increases as plant matures

65
Q

What parts of plants contain ADF?

A

The least digestible plant components, cellulose and lignin

66
Q

T/F. Low ADF concentrations are more nutritious?

A

T

67
Q

What does NIRS stand for?

A

Near Infrared Spectroscopy

68
Q

A component of a diet that serves some useful function

A

Feedstuff

69
Q

What are the 5 important classifications of feedstuff

A
  1. Roughages
  2. Pasture
  3. Silage and Haylage
  4. Mineral supplements
  5. Vitamin supplements
70
Q

the nutritional comp of feedstuff depends on what 6 things?

A
  1. Time of year
  2. Availability of water
  3. Time of harvest
  4. Plant variety
  5. Processing
  6. Conservation
71
Q

The total plant material to be consumed by the animal

A

Forage

72
Q

dietary components that are high in fiber

A

Roughage

73
Q

Plant material not including seeds or roots

A

Herbage

74
Q

T/F. Roughages are normally high in readily available carbohydrates

A

F. low carbs

75
Q

What are the 4 categories of herbage?

A
  1. Grasses
  2. Legumes
  3. Forbs
  4. Browse
76
Q

What are the two categories of grasses

A
  1. cool season: Timothy, sweet clover
  2. Warm season:
    Bermuda grass, switchgrass
77
Q

Legumes like alfalfa have the ability to convert atmospheric N into _____.

A

Crude protein

78
Q

What are the two types of grasses and where can they typically be found?

A

C3- temperate climate

C4- tropical or subtropical

79
Q

T/F. C4 grasses have typically lower protein content than C3 grasses

A

T

80
Q

How does Bermuda Grass spread?

A

through rhizomes

81
Q

When do you get the best quality ryegrass?

A

Cool season

82
Q

What temp. best suits Brome grass?

A

Cold

83
Q

Drought tolerant grass common in lawns and patures

A

Fescue

84
Q

Fescue can often be contaminated with ____ causing _____.

A

Neotyphodium coenophialum, causing ergot type alkaloids

85
Q

What is summer syndrome?

A

inc. body temp, rapid breathing, and dec. production of cattle caused by feeding fescue

86
Q

What does feeding poor quality fescue cause in horses?

A

prolonged gestation, weak foals, abortion, agalactia

87
Q

What are the benefits of timothy?

A

cold adapted, CP can be high

88
Q

Type of plant with nodules in the root system

A

Legumes

89
Q

_____ in the nodules of legumes are able to transform atmospheric N into a form usable by plant

A

Rhizobia

90
Q

T/F Legumes have high CP?

A

T

91
Q

Examples of legumes?

A

Alfalfa, clover, soybean, green bean, peas

92
Q

what are the two major alfalfa associated problems

A
  1. Bloat in cattle

2. Blister beetle toxicity in horses

93
Q

What is Blister Beetle toxicity?

A

Epicauta spp beetle is eaten by horse when grazing alfalfa causing GI upset!

94
Q

C/S of Blister beetle toxicity?

A

Oral ulcers and colic

95
Q

Legume that may cause coagulation issues in livestock mostly cattle

A

Sweet clover

96
Q

What is the caution with red clover?

A

may be contaminated with rhizoctonia leguminocola leading to Salframine accumulation

97
Q

C/S of Slaframine toxicosis

A

salivary syndrome in horses

bloat, diarrhea, frequent urination

98
Q

Alsike clover may ause problems related to _____ in horses

A

Photosensitization

99
Q

Any low growing boradleaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants

A

Forbs

100
Q

Another name for woody plants

A

Brose

101
Q

T/F. The stems of plants have more fiber

A

T

102
Q

T/F Plants that are flowering are more nutritious?

A

F. less

103
Q

Select the tropical grass species:

a. Bermuda
b. Rye grass

A

Bermuda

104
Q

What is Green Chop?

A

forage harvested daily and fed to dairy in bunks

105
Q

Forage baled at low water content

A

Hay

106
Q

Semi-wilted fermented grasses/legumes in bags

A

Haylage

107
Q

Preserved short fibers that have a moisture higher than haylage and hay

A

Silage

108
Q

What is silage?

A

any crop that is preserved anaerobicallly

109
Q

What are the 3 types of silage?

A
  1. Ensiled forages
  2. Carbonaceoous
  3. Proteinaceous
110
Q

What are two examples of Carbonaceous silages?

A
  1. Corn silage

2. Grass silage

111
Q

What are two examples of Proteinaceous Silages

A
  1. Alfalfa silage

2. Clover silage

112
Q

Grains produced by plants of the grass family, provide immense tonnages of harvested grains

A

Cereal grains

113
Q

Examples of Cereal grains

A 
Corn
Rice
Wheat
Barley
Oats
Sorghum
114
Q

Benefits of feeding corn

A

Highly palatable
High Energy
Low fiber

115
Q

T/F corn is high in protein

A

F. low

116
Q

Why is wheat not commonly used in animal feeds

A

May become pasty in GIT

117
Q

What is Bran?

A

Grain by product removed when white flour is made

118
Q

By- product of the sugar industry used to inc. palatability of the feed

A

Molasses

119
Q

Dietary source of essential fatty acids

A

Fats and oils (F&O)

120
Q

____ is the most important protein supplement

A

Soybean

121
Q

Residue left after the cotton, lint, and hull have been removed

A

Cottonseed meal

122
Q

Cottonseed meal congaing ____, which can be toxic to the heart, lungs, and repro organs

A

Gossypol

123
Q

T/F Sunflowers and Peanuts are high in lysine

A

F. low

124
Q

3 cereals used to make beer

A
  1. corn
  2. rye
  3. malted barley
125
Q

What is NPN?

A

Non protein nitrogen. Feed grade urea

126
Q

What is the most common mineral supplement added to diets

A

Salt

127
Q

Why is calcium and phosphorus added to animals diets?

A

skeletal growth, lactation, egg production

128
Q

T/F Cereals are high in Ca and P?

A

F. very low

129
Q

What are the 5 sources of Calcium phosphorus?

A
  1. Dicalcium phosphate
  2. Rock phosphates
  3. Ca Carbonate
  4. Limestone
  5. Oyster shells
130
Q

Where is Vit A found?

A

animal tissues

131
Q

Where is Vit D found?

A

Sun-cured forages

Fish liver oil

132
Q

Where is Vit. E found

A

Germ or germ oil of plants,

greeen plants or hays

133
Q

Where is Vit K found?

A

Green plant material

134
Q

Where is Vit B complex found?

A

Animal and fish by-products, dairy products

135
Q

Ingredients or combination of ingredients added to the basic feed mix to fulfill a specific need

A

Feed additives

136
Q

What are the 7 types of feed additives?

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Arsenicals
  3. Coccidiostats
  4. Nitrofurans
  5. Hormones
  6. Enzymes
  7. Pigments

Nutrition (5 decks)

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