1 Nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what is DNA made up of?

A

DNA (mono)nucleotides

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2
Q

Componenst of a nucleotide

A

A pentose sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogen containing organic base (Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine, Guanine)

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3
Q

Bond formed between the sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate group of another

A

phosphodiester bond

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4
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA nucleotide

A

Ribose sugar

Uracil instead of thymine

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5
Q

Base pairs, what type o bond and how many?

A

C and G (3 H bonds)

A and T (2 H bonds)

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6
Q

Adaptations of DNA

A
  • Stable, passed from generation to generation and rarely mutates
  • 2 separate strands only bound by hydrogen bonds (easy to separate for DNA replication)
  • large molecules carrying its of genetic information
    base pairs are protected by backbone (from outside chemical and physical forces)
    Base pairs allow replication and transfer (as mRNA)
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7
Q

DNA helicase

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases during semi conservative replication

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8
Q

Template strand

A

the strand to which complimentary free nucleotides join during semi conservative replication

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9
Q

DNA polymerase

A

joins the free nucleotides (to each other) during semi conservative replication, to form the complimentary polynucleotide strand

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10
Q

what is semi conservative replication?

A

DNA replication where an original strand acts as a ‘template’ to form a new complimentary polynucleotide strand. The new DNA is made up of one original stand and one new strand.

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11
Q

components of ATP

A
  • Adenine (nitrogen containing organic base)
  • Ribose sugar (5C)
  • chain of 3 phosphates
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12
Q

how is ADP formed

A

hydrolysis of ATP by ATP hydrolase

ATP + water –>ADP +Pi (+Energy)

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13
Q

Roles of ATP

A
  • Metabolic processes (e.g. building molecules)
  • Movement (e.g. energy for muscle contraction)
  • Active transport (changes shape of carrier proteins)
  • Secretion (needed to form lysosomes)
  • Activation of molecules (phosphorylates other compounds to make them more reactive (adding a phosphate group))
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14
Q

why is water a DIPOLAR molecule adn why is it important

A

Oxygen is slightly negative
Hydrogen is slightly positive
(but no overall charge)
Forms hydrogen bonds (between + of one molecule and - of another)
Makes water slightly cohesive:
1. allows transpiration and movement through xylem in plants.
2. creates surface tension in bodies of water (strong enough to support small organisms)

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15
Q

What is specific heat capacity of water and why is it important

A

high specific heat capacity
so a lot of energy needed to heat a given mass
so water acts as a buffer against temperature variations :
1. in aquatic environment
2. in living organisms (as they are made up of water)

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16
Q

What is latent heat of vaporisation of water and why is it important

A

surface water molecules can gain enough kinetic energy to break off and evaporate.
This is important in mammals sweating to cool the body down.

17
Q

Water in metabolism

A

important in:

  • breaking molecules by hydrolysis
  • major raw material for photosynethesis
  • produced in condensation
  • chemical reactions take place in cytoplasm (in water)