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AQA AS BIOLOGY 2015+ > 1 Biological Molecules and Enzymes > Flashcards

1 Biological Molecules and Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

Polar Molecule

A

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge

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2
Q

Polymerisation

A

The process by which monomers join to form long molecules called polymers

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3
Q

Monomer of a polysaccharide

A

monosaccharide or single sugar e.g. glucose

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4
Q

Monomer of a polynucleotide

A

mononucleotide

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5
Q

Monomer of polypeptides

A

amino acids

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6
Q

Condensation reaction

A

reaction that produces water

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7
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking down a polymer with the addition of water

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8
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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9
Q

Draw isomers of glucose

A

Alpha = H at top, OH at the bottom

Beta OH at the top, H at the bottom

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10
Q

Reducing sugar

A

All monosaccharides and some disaccharides with the ability to donate an electron to reduce another chemical

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11
Q

Test for reducing sugar

A

-Add food sample.
-Add equal volume of Benedict’s reagent.
-Heat gently in water bath.
Blue - No sugar
yellow >orange > red - Increasing amount of sugar

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12
Q

Bond between monosaccharides

A

Condensation reactions

GLYCOSIDIC bonds

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13
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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14
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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15
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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16
Q

Test for non reducing sugar

A
  • Benedict’s test.
  • then add 2cm of dilute HCl and heat in boiling water bath (hydrolysis)
  • Add sodium hydrogencarbonate (neutralisation)
  • Redo Benedict’s test
    Blue - No sugar
    yellow >orange > red - Increasing amount of sugar
17
Q

Test for starch

A

Iodine

Orange to Blue/Black

18
Q

Starch features

A
  • found in plants
  • straight or branched
  • insoluble so doesn’t affect WP
  • does not diffuse out of cells
  • compact
  • hydrolysed to form alpha glucose
  • branched to release glucose quickly
19
Q

Glycogen features

A
  • found in animals and bacteria
  • insoluble so doesn’t affect WP
  • does not diffuse out of cells
  • compact
  • hydrolysed to form alpha glucose
  • highly branched to release glucose quickly
20
Q

Cellulose features

A
  • Made of Beta glucose
  • straight unbranched chains
  • hydrogen bonding
  • microfibrils to form fibres
  • plant cell wall component
  • strong
21
Q

Roles of lipids

A
  • Energy source
  • Waterproofing
  • Insulation
  • Protection
22
Q

Bonding in triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids joined to 1 glycerol molecule
condensation reactions
ESTER bonds

23
Q

Saturated
Mono-unsaturated
Polyunsaturated

A

No double bonds in the fatty acid
One double bond
More than one double bond

24
Q

Triglyceride properties

A
  • High ratio of C-H energy storing bonds
  • low mass to energy ratio (good for storage)
  • Insoluble (do not affect WP)
  • good source of water when oxidised
25
Q

Phospholipid structure

A

Hydrophilic phosphate head

Hydrophobic fatty acid tail

26
Q

Phospholipid properties

A
  • polar molecules so form a bilayer / barrier around cells

- can form glycolipids important in cell recognition

27
Q

Test for lipids

A
  • Add ethanol to food sample and shake thoroughly to dissolve lipid
  • Add water and shake gently
    Cloudy white precipitate - lipids present
28
Q

Draw an amino acid

A
  • C in middle
  • Amine (-NH2) group
  • Opposite Carboxyl (-COOH) group
  • H
  • Opposite R (variable group)
29
Q

Bonds between amino acids

A

Condensation reaction
Between -NH2 of one amino acid and -COOH of another
PEPTIDE bonds

30
Q

Bonding in secondary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonds between polar groups
Negative C=O
Positive N-H
Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheets

31
Q

Bonding in tertiary protein structure

A
  • Disulfide bonds between cysteine R groups
  • Weak Hydrogen bonds between polar molecules
  • Ionic bonds between amine and carboxyl groups not involved in peptide bonds
  • Van der waals, very weak bonds between non polar groups
32
Q

Structure of Quarternary proteins

A

More than one polypeptide chain
Same bonds as in tertiary structure
Can contain prosthetic (non protein) groups

33
Q

Test for proteins

A

Add Biurets solution (weak copper (II) sulphate and mix

Blue to purple change - presence of protein

AQA AS BIOLOGY 2015+ (10 decks)

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