(1) Motor Control/Motor Learning

Question 1

“ability to regulate or direct the mechanism essential to mvmt”

Answer 1

motor control

Question 2

“process of initiating, directing and grading purposeful voluntary mvmt”

Answer 2

motor control

Question 3

Movement occurs as a result of interaction b/w what 3 factors

Answer 3

task, environment and individual

Question 4

what 4 questions should you consider when assessing motor control in an examination

Answer 4

1. how does CNS organize all parts
2. what is the impact of sensory info
3. how do perceptions of self, tasks and environment impact mvmt behavior
4. how can mvmt problems be quantified when motor control problems exist

Question 5

what does the ecological theory of mvmt control say?

Answer 5

person, task and environment interact to influence motor behavior and learning

Question 6

what does the ecological theory say about motivation

Answer 6

motivation to solve problems to accomplish desired task goal facilitates learning

Question 7

what are 3 implications of the ecological theory

Answer 7

• help pt explore multiple ways to achieve task
• learn critical aspects of environment that impact how mvmt is organized
• control and manipulation of environment are imp components of PT

Question 8

what 3 aspects impact the individual in the mvmt framework?

Answer 8

• perception
• action
• cognition

Question 9

what 3 things impact the task in the mvmt framework

Answer 9

• mobility
• stability
• manipulation

Question 10

what 2 constraints impact the environment in the mvmt system

Answer 10

regulatory and non-regulatory factors

Question 11

what individual constraint refers to the state of the body and where it is in space or its ability to take in info

Answer 11

sensory/perception

Question 12

what individual constraint refers to attention, emotional state, motivation, ability to plan or problem solve

Answer 12

cognition

Question 13

what is a structural vs a functional individual constraint

Answer 13

structural - relates to the body (height, weight, impairments)

functional - motivation, fear, attention, focus, etc

Question 14

what is an open vs closed task constraint

Answer 14

open - task performed in a variety of conditions
closed - under same circumstances each time

Question 15

what are the 3 types of tasks

Answer 15

discrete, serial, continuous

Question 16

what type of task has - recognizable beginning and end

Answer 16

discrete

Question 17

the following are examples of what type of task?
- pushup, lock wheelchair, kick ball once

Answer 17

discrete

Question 18

what type of task is composed of mvmts and combined in a particular sequence

Answer 18

serial

Question 19

the following is an example of what type of task
- eating with a fork

Answer 19

serial

Question 20

what type of task is repetitive, uninterrupted mvmts with no distinct beginning or end

Answer 20

continuous

Question 21

what type of task: brushing your teeth

Answer 21

serial

Question 22

what type of task: throwing a ball, starting a car,

Answer 22

discrete

Question 23

what type of task: rollerblading, playing piano, dribbling basketball

Answer 23

continuous

Question 24

what is the difference b/w regulatory and non-regulatory environmental constraints

Answer 24

reg - aspects that shape the task itself

non - may affect performance but task does not have to conform to it

Question 25

what type of environmental constraint is this: - size, shape, weight of object, - type of surface

Answer 25

regulatory

Question 26

what type of environemtal constraint: - dim, noisy, busy, hot/cold room

Answer 26

non-regulatory

Question 27

is this a closed or open environmental condition? - self-paced - performer develops consistency of single strategy

Answer 27

closed

Question 28

is this closed or open environmental condition? - externally paced - performer develops multiple strategies

Answer 28

open

Question 29

what provides a framework for selecting progression of functionally or developmentally appropriate activities to develop any motor skill

Answer 29

gentiles taxonomy

Question 30

"set of processes associate with practice leading to permanent change in capacity for skilled action"

Answer 30

motor learning

Question 31

can motor learning be observed directly?

Answer 31

no, it has to be inferred from behavior (performance)

Question 32

when do we measure performance vs learning?

Answer 32

performance - immediately after learning - after period of retention

Question 33

what 4 ways do we measure learning

Answer 33

improvement, consistency, retention, transfer

Question 34

"measuring skill, increase in accuracy, decrease in errors"

Answer 34

improvement

Question 35

able to readily produce result

Answer 35

consistency

Question 36

completion of skill following delay in practice

Answer 36

retention

Question 37

ability to perform similar mvmt within diff context

Answer 37

transfer

Question 38

what 4 factors affect motor learning

Answer 38

arousal, attention, motivation, memory

Question 39

how does arousal affect motor learning

Answer 39

too much = stress/anxiety not enough = inactive/ too laid back

Question 40

allocation and focusing of info processing resources

Answer 40

attention

Question 41

what type of attention is better for learning

Answer 41

selective instead of divided

Question 42

what type of focus (internal or external) is better for learning

Answer 42

external

Question 43

selection of appropriate reinforcement is critical to effective ______

Answer 43

motivation

Question 44

when should motivation be given

Answer 44

immediately after behavior occurs

Question 45

what are the 3 stages of motor learning according to Fitts and Posner

Answer 45

cognitive, associative, autonomous

Question 46

what type of learning occurs during the cognitive stage

Answer 46

declarative/explicit learning

Question 47

the following are implications of what stage of learning: - high requirements for pt attention - distractions from environment adds challenge - error in performance common - frequent FB from therapist - self-evaluation

Answer 47

cognitive stage

Question 48

what is mostly happening in the associateive stage

Answer 48

learning about cause and effect

Question 49

the following are implications of what stage of learning: - infrequent errors - concentrates on fine tuning motor task - inter-trial variability - pt uses problem solving to self correct - infrequent FB from therapist

Answer 49

associative stage

Question 50

which phase of learning is the procedural learning phase

Answer 50

autonomous

Question 51

what type of learning occurs in the autonomous stage

Answer 51

implicit

Question 52

what stage of learning does learning occur w/o attention of conscious thought and requires high repetition of task and develops slowly

Answer 52

autonomous

Question 53

the following are implications of what phase of learning: - measured by improved performance over time - able to multitask - pt easily adapts to variations in task demands and environmyt conditions - little to no instruction

Answer 53

autonomous

Question 54

what is the challenge point hypotheis

Answer 54

must select practice conditions that present optimal level of challenge to learner eliciting active cognitive processes, but not exceeding capability of learner

Question 55

what 3 factors of practice impact motor learning

Answer 55

amount, type and frequency

Question 56

what is massed vs distributed practice

Answer 56

massed = smaller rest breaks, large bouts of repetition distributed = longer rest b/w sessions - better learning

Question 57

which is better for learning: constant vs variable practice

Answer 57

variable

Question 58

which is better for learning? - blocked or random practice

Answer 58

random = learning blocked = performance

Question 59

instructions before practice are _____ and should include what 2 things

Answer 59

- motivational 1. description of task 2. relavent environmental elements

Question 60

what are the 3 diff times you can give feedback

Answer 60

concurrent, immediate, summary

Question 61

what type of feedback is given at same time task is performed and during initial stages of learingn

Answer 61

concurrent

Question 62

what type of feedback is given after each attempt, during initial stages of learning and puts an emphasis on performance vs learning

Answer 62

immediate

Question 63

what type of feedback is given after several attempts, used as progression, and puts and emphasis on learning and retention

Answer 63

summary