(1) Motor Control/Motor Learning Flashcards
“ability to regulate or direct the mechanism essential to mvmt”
motor control
“process of initiating, directing and grading purposeful voluntary mvmt”
motor control
Movement occurs as a result of interaction b/w what 3 factors
task, environment and individual
what 4 questions should you consider when assessing motor control in an examination
- how does CNS organize all parts
- what is the impact of sensory info
- how do perceptions of self, tasks and environment impact mvmt behavior
- how can mvmt problems be quantified when motor control problems exist
what does the ecological theory of mvmt control say?
person, task and environment interact to influence motor behavior and learning
what does the ecological theory say about motivation
motivation to solve problems to accomplish desired task goal facilitates learning
what are 3 implications of the ecological theory
- help pt explore multiple ways to achieve task
- learn critical aspects of environment that impact how mvmt is organized
- control and manipulation of environment are imp components of PT
what 3 aspects impact the individual in the mvmt framework?
- perception
- action
- cognition
what 3 things impact the task in the mvmt framework
- mobility
- stability
- manipulation
what 2 constraints impact the environment in the mvmt system
regulatory and non-regulatory factors
what individual constraint refers to the state of the body and where it is in space or its ability to take in info
sensory/perception
what individual constraint refers to attention, emotional state, motivation, ability to plan or problem solve
cognition
what is a structural vs a functional individual constraint
structural - relates to the body (height, weight, impairments)
functional - motivation, fear, attention, focus, etc
what is an open vs closed task constraint
open - task performed in a variety of conditions
closed - under same circumstances each time
what are the 3 types of tasks
discrete, serial, continuous
what type of task has - recognizable beginning and end
discrete
the following are examples of what type of task?
- pushup, lock wheelchair, kick ball once
discrete
what type of task is composed of mvmts and combined in a particular sequence
serial
the following is an example of what type of task
- eating with a fork
serial
what type of task is repetitive, uninterrupted mvmts with no distinct beginning or end
continuous
what type of task: brushing your teeth
serial
what type of task: throwing a ball, starting a car,
discrete
what type of task: rollerblading, playing piano, dribbling basketball
continuous
what is the difference b/w regulatory and non-regulatory environmental constraints
reg - aspects that shape the task itself
non - may affect performance but task does not have to conform to it
what type of environmental constraint is this:
- size, shape, weight of object,
- type of surface
regulatory
what type of environemtal constraint:
- dim, noisy, busy, hot/cold room
non-regulatory
is this a closed or open environmental condition?
- self-paced
- performer develops consistency of single strategy
closed
is this closed or open environmental condition?
- externally paced
- performer develops multiple strategies
open
what provides a framework for selecting progression of functionally or developmentally appropriate activities to develop any motor skill
gentiles taxonomy
“set of processes associate with practice leading to permanent change in capacity for skilled action”
motor learning
can motor learning be observed directly?
no, it has to be inferred from behavior (performance)
when do we measure performance vs learning?
performance - immediately after
learning - after period of retention
what 4 ways do we measure learning
improvement, consistency, retention, transfer
“measuring skill, increase in accuracy, decrease in errors”
improvement
able to readily produce result
consistency
completion of skill following delay in practice
retention
ability to perform similar mvmt within diff context
transfer
what 4 factors affect motor learning
arousal, attention, motivation, memory
how does arousal affect motor learning
too much = stress/anxiety
not enough = inactive/ too laid back
allocation and focusing of info processing resources
attention
what type of attention is better for learning
selective instead of divided
what type of focus (internal or external) is better for learning
external
selection of appropriate reinforcement is critical to effective ______
motivation
when should motivation be given
immediately after behavior occurs
what are the 3 stages of motor learning according to Fitts and Posner
cognitive, associative, autonomous
what type of learning occurs during the cognitive stage
declarative/explicit learning
the following are implications of what stage of learning:
- high requirements for pt attention
- distractions from environment adds challenge
- error in performance common
- frequent FB from therapist
- self-evaluation
cognitive stage
what is mostly happening in the associateive stage
learning about cause and effect
the following are implications of what stage of learning:
- infrequent errors
- concentrates on fine tuning motor task
- inter-trial variability
- pt uses problem solving to self correct
- infrequent FB from therapist
associative stage
which phase of learning is the procedural learning phase
autonomous
what type of learning occurs in the autonomous stage
implicit
what stage of learning does learning occur w/o attention of conscious thought and requires high repetition of task and develops slowly
autonomous
the following are implications of what phase of learning:
- measured by improved performance over time
- able to multitask
- pt easily adapts to variations in task demands and environmyt conditions
- little to no instruction
autonomous
what is the challenge point hypotheis
must select practice conditions that present optimal level of challenge to learner eliciting active cognitive processes, but not exceeding capability of learner
what 3 factors of practice impact motor learning
amount, type and frequency
what is massed vs distributed practice
massed = smaller rest breaks, large bouts of repetition
distributed = longer rest b/w sessions - better learning
which is better for learning: constant vs variable practice
variable
which is better for learning?
- blocked or random practice
random = learning
blocked = performance
instructions before practice are _____ and should include what 2 things
- motivational
- description of task
- relavent environmental elements
what are the 3 diff times you can give feedback
concurrent, immediate, summary
what type of feedback is given at same time task is performed and during initial stages of learingn
concurrent
what type of feedback is given after each attempt, during initial stages of learning and puts an emphasis on performance vs learning
immediate
what type of feedback is given after several attempts, used as progression, and puts and emphasis on learning and retention
summary
