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MT6319 > [1] LEC: History & Overview > Flashcards

[1] LEC: History & Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular biology finds its origin in the ___ and ___ (year)

A

1930s and 1940s

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2
Q

It is a result of convergence of distinct discipline from both the physical and biological sciences

A

Molecular biology

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3
Q

The physical and biological sciences that converged to form MolBio include (6)

A

biochemistry
genetics
microbiology
physics
structural and colloid chemistry
virology

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4
Q

MolBio picked up its momentum in the ___ and ___ (year) when it was institutionalized

A

1950s and 1960s

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5
Q

From the beginning, MolBio’s focus is on the ___ and ___ of the gene

A

structure
function

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6
Q

The term “molecular biology” was first used in ___ (year) by ___ (name), head of the Natural Science Division of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1931

A

1938
Warren Weaver

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7
Q

Weaver termed this as “beginning to uncover many secretes concerning the ultimate units of the living cell”

A

Molecular biology

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8
Q

Who discovered “nuclein” and in what year?

A

Friedrich Miescher
1869

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9
Q

Who elucidated the biochemical structure of DNA and in what year?

A

James D. Watson and Francis H. Crick
1953

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10
Q

The study of biomolecules and biomolecular mechanisms that occur in living organisms

A

Molecular biology

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11
Q

The study of molecular basis of life such as biochemical processes that control information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism

A

Biochemistry

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12
Q

Father of Modern Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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13
Q

Miescher’s discovery: a substance extracted from the cell through destroying it

A

Nuclein

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14
Q

In ___ (year), ___ (name) studied two strains of S. pneumoniae that varied dramatically in both their appearance and their virulence

A

1928
Frederick Griffith

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15
Q

According the Griffith’s discover, this is the virulence factor and the part of S. pneumoniae that causes the disease

A

Capsule

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16
Q

In ___ (year), ___, ___, and ___ used a process of elimination to identify the transforming principle

A

1944
Oswald Avery
Colin McLeod
Maclyn McCarty

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17
Q

Avery, McLeod, and McCarty reported that it is ___, rather than ___, that served as the carrier of the hereditary material

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
protein

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18
Q

In ___ (year), ___ and ___ (name) proved that DNA is the transforming principle and not protein using series of experiments involving T2 bacteriophages

A

1952
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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19
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria and widely used for studying genetic transmission

A

Bacteriophages

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20
Q

Structurally known to consist of a protein coat and DNA as its genetic material found in its interior

A

Phages

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21
Q

The X-ray crystallography image of the DNA structure which led to Watson and Crick’s double helix structure model was attributed to ___ and ___ (name)

A

Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling

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22
Q

Franklin and Gosling’s first image of the DNA was called the “___”

A

photo 51 of B-DNA

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23
Q

___ (name) showed Franklin and Gosling’s photo to Watson and Crick, which became the strong evidence of DNA’s double helix structure

A

Maurice Wilkins

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24
Q

Who discovered the order of the three major components of single nucleotide (phosphate-sugar-base)?

A

Pheobus Levene

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25
Q

Who discovered the carbohydrate component of RNA (ribose)?

A

Pheobus Levene

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26
Q

Who discovered the carbohydrate component of DNA (deoxyribose)?

A

Pheobus Levene

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27
Q

The first one to correctly identify the way RNA and DNA molecules are put together

A

Pheobus Levene

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28
Q

In ___ (year), ___ (name) gave experimental evidence on the nucleotide composition of the DNA of different species

A

1950
Erwin Chargaff

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29
Q

In ___ (year), ___ (name) was offered a 3-year research scholarship to help set-up and improve X-ray crystallography unit at King’s college

A

1951
Rosalind Franklin

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30
Q

The unsung hero of the double helix structure who recruited Franklin

A

John Randall

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31
Q

In ___ (year), ___ and ___ (name) provided the experimental proof of semiconservative replication by inventing “density gradient centrifugation”, which proposed the idea of ___ DNA replication

A

1957
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
Semiconservative

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32
Q

In ___ (year), ___ (name) enunciated the concept of “Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” based on their findings of DNA structure

A

1958
Francis Crick

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33
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Utilized fruit flies, D. melanogaster, as model organisms to study the interaction and hereditary process between the gene and the chromosome

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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34
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

The first person to link the inheritance of a specific trait with a particular chromosome (Chromosome theory)

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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35
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Studied hereditary characteristics of fruit flies, and in 1927, discovered that the number of genetic mutations observed in fruit flies increased when exposed to x-rays

A

Hermann J. Muller

36
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Maize breeding experiments which provided the first detailed description of transposable elements (transporons)

A

Barbara McClintock

37
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (2):

Isolated and discovered DNA polymerase I and showed that life can be made in test tube

A

Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa

38
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (3):

Hypothesized the existence of an intermediary between DNA and its protein products called messenger RNA and discovered bacterial operons which are protein-binding regulatory sequences

A

Francois Jacob
Andrew Lwoff
Jacques Monod

39
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

The group of scientists (4) who first unlocked the genetic code in 1963 and 1966

A

Marshall Nirenberg
Har Gobind Khorana
Philip Leder
Heinrich Matthaei

40
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

He finished and has trained organic chemistry as profession but his interests in living things led him to discover the transfer RNA

A

Robert Holley

41
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (4):

Restriction endonuclease technology, 1969, 1970

A

Werner Arber
Matthew Meselson
Danial Nathans
Hamilton Smith

42
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (3):

They developed recombinant DNA technology and pioneered research gene manipulations

A

Paul Berg
Stanley Cohen
Herbert Boyer

43
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

DNA sequencing

A

Frederick Sanger

44
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (3):

Discovery of reverse transcriptase enzyme and study tumor virus activity

A

David Baltimore
Renato Dulbecco
Howard Temin

45
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S rRNA resulting to the “tree of life” and discovered the third domain of life, the archae

A

Carl Woese

46
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

First one to propose the existence of introns and exons and RNA world as the origins of life

A

Walter Gilbert

47
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Nucleic acid-protein complexes

A

Aaron Klug

48
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (2):

RNA as enzymes (ribozymes)

A

Thomas Cech
Sidney Altman

49
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Spearheaded Human Genome Project that uncovered the sequence of the 3 billion DNA subunits contained in human chromosomes

A

James Watson

50
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (3):

Knockout mice technique

A

Mario Capecchi
Martin Evans
Oliver Smithies

51
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Polymerase chain reaction

A

Kary Mullis (discovered in 1985, noble prize in 1993)

52
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (2):

Cloning of “Dolly” the sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured cell line

A

Keith Campbell
Ian Wilmut

53
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (2):

RNA interference (RNAi)

A

Craig Mello
Andrew Fire

54
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name):

Crystal structure of the ribosome

A

Thomas Steitz

55
Q

Notable contribution in the field of MolBio (give the name) (2):

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing Mechanism

A

Emmanuelle Charpentier
Jennifer Anne Doudna

56
Q

Give the year of discovery:

First genetically engineered mouse

A

1974

57
Q

Give the year of discovery:

First germ-line transformation of mice

A

1986

58
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Transgenic mice expressing sheep beta-lactoglobulin in milk

A

1987

59
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Transgenic pig with human growth hormone gene (Beltsville pig)

A

1989

60
Q

Give the year of discovery:

First transgenic sheep (Polly and Molly)

A

1997

61
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Production of bovine alpha-lactalbumin in the milk of transgenic pigs

A

1998

62
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Transgenic cattle with higher levels of beta-casein and kappa-casein in the milk

A

2003

63
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Transgenic pig expressing an insulin-like growth factor I transgene

A

2004

64
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Production of recombinant antibodies in the milk of goat

A

2006

65
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Human lysozyme expressed in the mammary gland of transgenic dairy goats

A

2006

66
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Live pigs produced from genome edited zygotes using TALEN and ZFN

A

2013

67
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Efficient gene knockout in goats using CRISPR/Cas9 system

A

2014

68
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Genome edited sheep and cattle using TALENs

A

2015

69
Q

Give the year of discovery:

Production of Human Albumin in pigs through CRISPR/Cas9

A

2015

70
Q

Identify the blotting technique:

Target molecule: DNA

A

Southern

71
Q

Identify the blotting technique:

Target molecule: RNA

A

Northern

72
Q

Identify the blotting technique:

Target molecule: Protein

A

Western

73
Q

Identify the blotting technique:

DNA extraction enzymatic digestion

A

Southern

74
Q

Identify the blotting technique:

RNA isolation

A

Northern

75
Q

Identify the blotting technique:

Protein extraction

A

Western

76
Q

“golden age” when it comes to molecular diagnostics

A

1960-1970

77
Q

Year when he human genome project started

A

1994

78
Q

Year when the initial draft of the human genome project was created

A

2001 (February)

79
Q

Year when the final draft of the human genome project was created

A

2003

80
Q

Southern blot was discovered by ___

A

Edwin Southern

81
Q

Susceptibility testing usually aimed at a low-risk population

A

Molecular screening

82
Q

Analysis of DNA or biomarkers for the evaluation of one or more genetic risk factors for a particular disease or disease group

A

Genetic testing

83
Q

Normal mutations that do not carry diseases

A

SNPs

84
Q

Inherited changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence

A

Epigenetics

85
Q

Changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in DNA base sequence

A

Epigenetics

MT6319 (7 decks)

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