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Chemistry - Y3 > 1 - Kinetic Particle theory > Flashcards

1 - Kinetic Particle theory Flashcards

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1
Q

Solid state (fixed shape)

  • Arrangement of particles
  • Attractive forces between particles
  • Kinetic energy particles
  • Motion of particles
A

> Closely packed in an orderly manner
Held tgt by v strong forces of attraction
Enough KE to vibrate and rotate about their fixed positions
Cannot move about freely

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2
Q

Why does a solid have a fixed volume?

A

A solid cannot be compressed/ has a fixed volume since it’s particles are already very close to one another

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3
Q

Liquid state (fixed shape)

  • Arrangement of particles
  • Attractive forces between particles
  • Kinetic energy particles
  • Motion of particles
A

> Arranged in disorderly manner
Weaker forces of attraction than the particles of a solid
More KE than the particle of the same substance in solid state, and are not held in fixed positions
Move freely throughout the liquid

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4
Q

Why does liquid have a fixed volume?

A

The particles of a liquid are further away from one another than the particles of a solid
HOWEVER
The liquid particles are still packed quite close togerther
THUS
It cannot be compressed and has a fixed volume

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5
Q

Describe gaseous state (no fixed shape)

  • Arrangement of particles
  • Attractive forces between particles
  • Kinetic energy particles
  • Motion of particles
A

> Far apart from one another
Has weaker forces of attraction than particles of a liquid
A lot of KE and are not held in fixed positions
Can move about rapidly and freely

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6
Q

Why does gas not have a fixed shape?

A
  • A lot more space between them compared to the particles of a liquid or solid
  • Large space between particles allows the gas to be easily compressed when pressure is applied
  • In other words, particles of gas can be forced to move closer tgt
    SINCE
    A gas can be compressed, it has no fixed volume
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7
Q

(Extra?)

Endothermic vs Exothermic

A

First one is heat in second one is heat out

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8
Q

Define the process melting

A

It’s the process by which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid

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9
Q

There are 3 stages to the process of melting, describe the first stage of melting (from solid to liquid)

A
  1. Heat energy absorbed by particles of solid
  2. HE converted to KE
  3. Particles start to vibrate FASTER about their fixed positions
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10
Q

There are 3 stages to the process of melting, describe the second stage of melting (from solid to liquid)

A
  1. When temp high enough, vibrations of particles become sufficient to OVERCOME forces of attraction between them
  2. Particles begin to break away from fixed positions

[Note: When HE^, KE^] [Overcoming forces of attraction is not considered KE, thus no ^ in HE]

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11
Q

There are 3 stages to the process of melting, describe the third stage of melting (from solid to liquid)

A
  1. Particles no longer in fixed positions
  2. Substance now liquid
  3. . Particles can move FREELY throughout liquid
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12
Q

Describe the first stage at which particles of a liquid is cooled until it freezes

A
  1. Energy is given out by particles of the liquid

2. Particles lose KE and begin to move more slowly

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13
Q

Describe the second stage at which particles of a liquid is cooled until it freezes (mixture of solid and liquid, no temp. change)

A
  1. When the temp. is low enough, particles no longer have enough energy to move freely
  2. Particles start to settle into fixed positions
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14
Q

Describe the third stage at which particles of a liquid is cooled until it freezes

A
  1. All particles have settled into fixed positions
  2. Substance now solid
  3. Particles can only vibrate about their fixed positions
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15
Q

Define the process of freezing

A

Process where substance changes from liquid to solid

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16
Q

What is freezing/ melting point

A

The temp. at which a liquid substance becomes solid and vice versa

17
Q

Define the process of boiling and evapouration

A

The process at which liquid changes to gas AT boiling point(boiling)
For evaporation, liquid changes to gas at temp LOWER than boiling point

18
Q

Describe the first stage at which particles of a liquid is heated until it boils

A
  1. HE absorbed by particles of liquid
  2. HE converted into KE
  3. partiles start to move faster as the temp. rises
19
Q

Describe the second stage at which particles of a liquid is heated until it boils (No temp. change, reached plateau)

A

When temp. is high enough, particles have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction holding them tgt

20
Q

Describe the third stage at which particles of a liquid is heated until it boils

A
  1. Particles are now spread far apart
  2. Substance is now a gas
  3. Particles can move about in any direction
21
Q

Observation as liquid boils

A
  • Bubbles of gas formed when liquid changes to a gas

- Bubble rise to surface and escape into the air

22
Q

Diff between boiling and evaporation

A

Boiling occurs:

  • Only at boiling point
  • Throughout liquid
  • Rapidly

Evaporation occours:
> At temps. below boiling point
> only at surface of liquid
> Slowly

23
Q

Define process of condensation

A

Process at which a gas changes to a liquid

24
Q

What happens to the particles of a gas when the gas condenses? (kinda the opposite of boiling)

A
  1. HE given out by gas particles
  2. As temp. drops, particles lose energy and move more slowly
  3. Particles become slow enough for the gas to change to liquid
25
Q

What is sublimation?

A

Changing of state from solid directly to gas without going through liquid state

26
Q

Why do solids sublime/ why it occurs?

A

Occurs when particles at surface of solid have enough energy to break away from the solid and escape as a gas

27
Q

Define diffusion

A

A process by which particles move freely to fill up any available space

28
Q

What is a molecular mass?

A

Mass of the particles of the gas

29
Q

Effect of temp on the rate of diffusion?

A

Temp. ^ , energy increases too

Thus particles diffuse faster which increases the rate of diffusion

30
Q

How does Mr affect the rate of diffusion

A

Gases with lower molecular masses (Mr) diffuse faster than those with higher molecular masses

31
Q

Why would a heterogenous mixture eventually become a homogenous mixture over time?

A

The [insert] particles would diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Chemistry - Y3 (7 decks)

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