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Systems: Resp. WK > 1. Introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply > Flashcards

1. Introduction and anatomy of lungs, airways and blood supply Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of respiratory system? (4)

A
  1. gas exchange (O2 added to blood from air and Co2 is removed from blood into the air)
  2. acid-base balance (regulation of body pH)
  3. protection from infection
  4. communication via speech
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2
Q

what is the optimum pH in the extracellular fluid?

A

pH 7.4 (“magic” number)

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3
Q

what is an example of the respiratory system protecting the body from an infection?

A

-Mucus can trap large particles from air that can destroy sensitive tissues in lungs e.g. alveoli which are very delicate and can become damaged easily

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4
Q

what is the name of the tiny hairs which line the respiratory tract?

A

cilia (pseudostratified columnar layer)

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5
Q

how is speech produced? (in simple terms)

A

Air moves through the larynx and over the vocal cords where vibration occurs

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6
Q

speech can only be produced during which stage of breathing?

A

Expiration (breathing out) only

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7
Q

Why is gas exchange so important?

A

NEED TO PRODUCE ENERGY

  • cells respire producing ATP which is essential for life, maintain energy supply in the body to keep it alive
  • O2 is burned, energy is released and CO2 is produced as a waste product
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8
Q

what two systems work closely together to allow the movement of gases between the air and the body’s cells?

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

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9
Q

what 2 things is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

A
  • transporting oxygen to tissues

- transporting carbon dioxide away from tissues

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10
Q

where does internal respiration occur? what is it?

A
  • Inside cells (also called cellular respiration)

- production of ATP at a molecular level

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11
Q

where does external respiration occur? what is it?

A
  • occurs OUTSIDE the cell

- it’s the bulk movement of air from environment into tissues

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12
Q

which of the 2 types of respiration requires the integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

A

external respiration

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13
Q

what type of blood does the pulmonary artery contain?

A

deoxygenated blood

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14
Q

what direction in relation to the heart does the pulmonary artery travel in?

A

AWAY from the heart (A in artery for away)

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15
Q

what type of blood does the pulmonary vein contain?

A

Oxygenated blood

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16
Q

what direction in relation to the heart does the pulmonary vein travel in?

A

TOWARDS the heart

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17
Q

relating to function, what is the correlation between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

A

they are the opposite of each other

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18
Q

what are the two main circulatory paths in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • systemic circulation

- pulmonary circulation

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19
Q

what is systemic circulation?

A

circuit through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood to tissues

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20
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

circuit of blood through the lungs where blood is oxygenated by delivering CO2 to the lungs and picks up O2

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21
Q

Usually, arteries carry what type of blood?

A

oxygenated blood

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22
Q

Usually, veins carry what type of blood?

A

deoxygenated blood

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23
Q

what two blood vessels are an exception to the rule which is specific to oxygenated and deoxygenated blood being carried in specific vessels?

A
  • pulmonary artery (carries DEoxygenated blood)

- pulmonary vein (carries oxygenated blood)

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24
Q

At how many points does gas exchange occur at?

A

at 3 points

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25
Q

what are the 2 points at which gas exchange occurs?

A
  1. between lung and blood in capillaries at alveolar level; O2 moves from inspired air to blood and CO2 moves from blood to air which is then expired (pulmonary circulation)
  2. between blood/capillaries and cells (systemic circulation; O2 moves from blood to cells and CO2 moves from cells to blood
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26
Q

what is created by the constant levels of gas traveling in and out of cells forming a balance of gas exchange?

A

a concentration gradient

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27
Q

what does rate and depth of breathing speed up? (2)

A
  1. substrate (O2) acquisition

2. waste disposal (CO2)

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28
Q

what does heart rate and force of contraction speed up? (2)

A
  1. substrate delivery to muscle via blood

2. waste removal via blood

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29
Q

why does gas exchange only occur at alveoli level?

A

because bigger blood vessels like veins and arteries are too thick to allow gases to pass through them

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30
Q

in a steady state, what is the relationship between the net volume of O2 or CO2 exchanged in the lungs per unit time and new volume exchanged in tissues?

A

net volume of O2 or CO2 exchanged in the lungs per unit time = the net volume exchanged in tissues

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31
Q

what would happen if the net volume of O2 and CO2 exchanged in the lungs per unit time did not equal the net volume exchange in tissues?

A

gas build up in the circulation could occur which could hamper gas exchange

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32
Q

what is the average volume of O2 and CO2 exchanged per minute?

A
  • 250ml oxygen exchanged (consumed)

- 200ml carbon dioxide exchanged (produced)

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33
Q

what is the average breathing rate at rest?

A

10-20 breaths/ min

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34
Q

what is the average breathing rate at maximum exercise in adults?

A

40-45 breaths/min

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35
Q

what are the main 7 components of the respiratory system?

A
  1. pharynx
  2. trachea
  3. lungs
  4. nose
  5. epiglottis
  6. larynx
  7. bronchus
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36
Q

where is the pharynx situated?

A

makes up part of the throat immediately posterior to the nasal cavity

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37
Q

what is the role of the pharynx?

A

passageway leading from the mouth and nose to the oesophagus and the larynx

  • permits passage for swallowed liquids and solids (digestive system)
  • conducts air to and from the trachea (respiratory system)
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38
Q

what happens to the air in the nose?

A

air enters body through the nose where cilia and mucus trap particles and warm and moisten the air

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39
Q

what happens in the trachea?

A

Air moves from the pharynx down trachea into lungs through bronchi.

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40
Q

what is the trachea made up of?

A

stiff rings of cartilage that supports and protects it, as well as keeps the trachea open

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41
Q

what is the texture of the lungs?

A

soft and spongy (due to many thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them) which allow for efficient absorption of gas

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42
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it during swallowing

43
Q

what is the larynx?

A

“voice box”, contains vocal cords which vibrate to produce sound

44
Q

what is the role of the bronchus?

A

air moves from the trachea into either left or right bronchus which leads inside the lungs

45
Q

Up until which structure do the digestive and respiratory systems split into two (up to that point they shared the same canals)?

A

at larynx (they split into two)

46
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract? (4)

A
  • mouth
    -nasal cavity
    -pharynx
    -larynx
    (anything from larynx and above)
47
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory tract? (3)

A
  • trachea
    -bronchi
    -lungs
    (anything enclosed in the thorax bounded by ribs, spine and diaphragm)
48
Q

why is the air entry through the nose more efficient than through the mouth?

A
  • humidification process is quicker ( air can be warmed humidified and moistened so it doesn’t irritate the sensitive airways)
49
Q

most of the time, what position is the epiglottis in?

A

It’s open; to allow easier movement of air but as soon as swallowing occurs, muscles around epiglottis contract and “close” the flap preventing fluid and food from entering the lungs

50
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there in the right lung?

A

3

51
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there in the left lung?

A

2

52
Q

how many fissures does the right lung have and what are they?

A

2 fissues; oblique and horizontal

53
Q

how many fissures does the left lung have and what are they?

A

1 fissure; oblique fissure

54
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have and what are they?

A

3 lobes; superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe

55
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have and what are they?

A

2 lobes; superior lobe and inferior lobe

56
Q

what does the falciform ligament do?

A

attaches the liver to the anterior (ventral) body wall

57
Q

what membrane surrounds the heart?

A

fibrous pericardium

58
Q

why is the left lung slightly smaller than the right?

A

because of the space for the heart on the left lung which shares its thoracic space with the heart

59
Q

why is the pleural space bigger than cadavers?

A

because the lungs have collapsed (usually it’s a very small space)

60
Q

why are aspirated foreign bodies more commonly lodged in the right bronchi than the left?

A

right bronchi has a trajectory closer to an obtuse angle and is more vertical than the left (which is more acute)

61
Q

what do cartilaginous rings around the trachea and bronchi ensure?

A

They ensure the airway is maintained unobstructed, open, stable and patent

62
Q

do bronchioles contain cartilaginous rings?

A

No

63
Q

what maintains the patency of bronchioles?

A

forces of the lungs which are maintained at a constantly expanded state (maintained by physical forces of the thorax)

64
Q

what happens to the diameter of branches as you move down the respiratory tree?

A

diameter gets smaller

65
Q

what relationship is there between diameter of a branch and resistance to airflow?

A

as diameter DECREASES, resistance to airflow INCREASES

66
Q

Each bronchus branches how many more times before finally terminating in a cluster of alveoli?

A

22 times

67
Q

what shape is the cartilage around the trachea and bronchi?

A

C-shaped (semi-rigid tubes)

68
Q

at which respiratory structure does gas exchange occur only?

A

alveoli (respiratory zone)

69
Q

what has a much bigger surface diameter; the trachea or alveoli?

A

trachea

70
Q

what has a much bigger cross-sectional area; the trachea or alveoli?

A

alveoli

71
Q

if contraction of bronchial smooth muscle decreases diameter, what happens to resistance?

A

it increases

72
Q

if relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle increases diameter, what happens to resistance?

A

it decreases

73
Q

in which structure is the resistance the greatest?

A

in the trachea

74
Q

what extensive network covers the alveoli?

A

capillary network (which are receiving blood from pulmonary arteries and veins for O2 intake or CO2 excretion)

75
Q

what are alveoli covered in?

A

elastic fibres which are critical in breathing (they stretch during inspiration)

76
Q

Is energy put into inspiration or expiration?

A

Energy is only put into inspiration as expiration happens passively (automatically)

77
Q

what are the 3 types of cells which exist in the alveoli?

A
  1. type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
  2. type 2 alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
  3. alveolar macrophages
78
Q

what do type 1 alveolar cells do? (pneumocytes)

A

very thin cells of resp. system in alveoli which allow GAS EXCHANGE

79
Q

what do type 2 alveolar cells do? (pneumocytes)

A

have a specialist function by synthesising surfactant (substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of the liquid it is dissolved in)

80
Q

what do alveolar macrophages do?

A

ingest foreign material that reaches the alveoli

81
Q

why are there no elastic fibres between capillaries and alveolar cells?

A

this would impede/prevent gas exchange (they are only found around alveoli to stretch them as they fill with air during inspiration)

82
Q

which cell in alveoli are capillaries attached to?

A

to Type 1 cells (pneumocytes)

83
Q

if the lungs were stretched out and flattened, how big would its total SA be?

A

size of a tennis court (which is compacted into 2 large “coca cola bottle” volumes)

84
Q

what are conducting airways?

A
  • all airways which are NOT alveoli

- contain dead space

85
Q

what type of circulation are nutritive blood vessels a part of?

A

systemic circulation

86
Q

does pulmonary circulation provide nutrients to the lung tissue?

A

NO- pulmonary circulation (pulmonary arteries and veins) are only involved in delivery of O2 or removal of CO2

87
Q

what structure is last to be lost as you move down respiratory tract?

A

cilia

88
Q

what do sub-epithelial glands produce?

A

Mucus as well as other substances which keep the airway and resp. tract moist

89
Q

where is smooth muscle only found?

A

around the bronchioles

90
Q

where are elastic fibres only found?

A

around alveoli (they recoil)

91
Q

what is the anatomical dead space?

A

the air in the upper airways which does not participate in gas exchange

92
Q

why are alveoli a perfect structure for gas exchange?

A

they have very thin walls and a huge surface area for max. gas exchange

93
Q

what is the type of epithelium lining the resp. tract?

A

pseudo-stratified, ciliated and columnar

94
Q

what main structures line the resp. tract? (6)

A
  • epithelium (pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar)
  • glands
  • lymph nodes
  • blood vessels (nutritive)
  • ciliated
  • mucous
95
Q

what happens during the progression from nose to alveoli?

A
  • epithelium becomes more squamous
  • cilia is lost
  • mucous cells are lost (before cilia)
96
Q

what is lost first as you move from nose to alveoli, the cilia or the mucous cells?

A

mucous cells are lost first (before cilia)

97
Q

what is the function of mucous?

A
  • moistens the air
  • traps particles
  • provides large SA for cilia to act on
98
Q

what 2 structures produce mucous?

A
  1. goblet cells

2. sub-epithelial glands

99
Q

where do alveolar macrophages escape to? (2)

A

pharynx and lymph nodes

100
Q

how much of the alveolar surface do type 1 pneumocytes take up?

A

97% alveolar surface

101
Q

what is the epithelium of type 1 pneumocytes?

A

simple squamous epithelium (for max. gas exchange)

102
Q

what do type 2 pneumocytes help do?

A

-produce surfactant

103
Q

what does surfactant do? (2)

A
  • reduces surface tension at alveolar surface

- reduces the work of breathing

104
Q

what is surfactant made up from?

A

phospholipids and protein

Systems: Resp. WK (40 decks)

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