1 - introduction Flashcards
cell is the fundamental unit of
life, medicine, and evolution
human genome contains over
20,000 protein-coding genes
do animals consume energy
NO!
-first law of thermodynamics - law of conservation of energy
first law of thermodynamics
in an isolated system, total amount of energy remians constant over time
what do living organisms do with energy? give example:
they convert high quality enrgy to low quality energy
-sun to plant to heat&work
caveat 1
organisms store energy during growth
caveat 2
organisms store temporarily energy during activity
organisms devote … of their genome for metabolism
20%
2nd law of thermodynamics
isolated system alwats tend towards disorder
entropy
how much disorder there is & is always increasing
Are all energy equal?
NO, in its ability ro create order in the universe
JOules experiment
take potential energy (high quality energy) of mass on a pully and convert it into heat/random kinetic energy (low quality energy)
release of potential enrgy -> gravitational energy -> kinetic energy -> heat
what do animals consume?
Energy quality
-take high quality energy from environment
-degrade it into random kinetic energy (heat)
quantity is unchanged
energy enters us & leaves us in chaotic & disorganized form that cant be used to perform future work
what do animals consume? continued
the oder/organization of energy quality
quality of energy depends on…
hwo much is free
negative ∆G
happens spontaneously
positive ∆G
requires free energy bc they are creating order
cells couple these 2 reactions, so that… and amount of disorder…
net ∆G is always negative = amount of disorder in universe is always increasing
coupled reaction:
to create order, cells capture free energy released by ATP hydrolysis = coupled reaction
ATP binding/hydrolyis can…
-distort 3D structure of proteins
because energy in ATP has been transferred into distortionn of protein structure & distorted protein can relax back into native configuration –> can perform a catalytic reaction
ATP can….in protein structure
-ATP can induce strain in protein structure
Redoc reaction provides …
basis for energy transduction
what does GAPDH do?
bring NAD+ into position to be reduced
electrons are passed to … to generate….
-O2
-generate the proton motive force in mitochondria
