1 Introduction Flashcards
Introduction Summary
GHM104 Issues in Global Health Policy is the fourth of four compulsory modules for the Global Health Policy Master of Science, Postgraduate Diploma and Postgraduate Certificate courses. This module introduces key concepts, theories and methods that will help you understand the following sessions.
Introduction Aims
The aims of this session are to provide you with a brief introduction to the structure and content of this module. The session also familiarises you with key concepts to be explored in this module related to policy making in global health
Introduction Learning Outcomes
By the end of this session, you will achieve the following objectives: 1· to understand what is policy making and, specifically, what is global health policy making; 2 · to recognise the specific challenges of making health policy in a global context; 3 · to apply selected approaches and frameworks to the analysis of policy making on key global health issues; and 4 · to understand the purpose, structure and content of the remaining sessions of this module.
Key terms Collective action
An agreed action undertaken together by a group of people to achieve a common objective
Key terms Epistemic community
A transnational network of knowledge-based experts who, given their technical expertise, influence what issues are addressed by policy makers and the ways to potentially resolve them
Key terms Evidence-based policy
An approach that seeks to inform public policy with rigorously established objective evidence
Key terms Evidence-informed policy
An approach to policy decisions that aims to ensure that decision making is well-informed by the best available research evidence
Key terms Framing
A way of packaging and positioning an issue, such as a policy problem, that promotes a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation and/or treatment recommendation
Key terms Global governance
The formal and informal institutional arrangements and processes, including rules and decision making, operating among state and non-state actors for collective action on shared issues
Key terms Global health diplomacy
Policy-shaping processes through which state and non-state actors negotiate responses to health challenges, or utilise health concepts or mechanisms to achieve non-health political, economic or social objectives
Key terms Global health governance
The formal and informal institutional arrangements and processes, including rules and decision making, operating among state and non-state actors for collective action on shared health issues
Key terms Global health policy
Policy that concerns the goals, rules and actions that address, or have an impact on, the health determinants, needs and impacts that transcend the boundaries of individual countries
Key terms Global policy making
A process of multi-level policymaking, by public and private actors, which involves and transcends national, international and transnational policy regimes
Key terms Global public policy network
A loose alliance of government agencies, international organizations, corporations, and elements of civil society such as nongovernmental organizations, professional associations, or religious groups that join together to achieve what none can accomplish on its own
Key terms Governance
The formal (government) and less formal (e.g. rules, customs, norms) ways in which a society structures and organises itself and steers towards desired goals
Key terms Health policy
A type of public policy concerned with principles or rules to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s) that affect the set of institutions, organizations, services and funding arrangements of the health system. This includes policies of both the public and private sectors, as well as health and non-health sectors
Key terms Policy
A broad statement of goals, objectives and means that create the framework for translating intentions into action to address an identified problem. Policy can often take the form of explicit written documents but may sometimes be implicit or unwritten
Key terms Policy network
The formation of formal and informal relationships among a particular set of actors around an issue of importance to the policy community
Key terms Public policy
A decision made by a publicly elected or designated body which is deemed to be in the public (as opposed to private) or common interest
- What is Global Health Policy? What is Global Health Policy?
Policy can be defined as a “broad statement of goals, objectives and means that create the framework for activity” to address an identified problem. Policy can often take the form of explicit written documents but may also be implicit or unwritten. The key distinction is that policy is a principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve an identified outcome. It does not normally describe what is actually done (which is more accurately referred to as a procedure or protocol) (Buse et al. 2012).
- What is Global Health Policy? What is Global Health Policy?
While policy making is relevant to both the public and private sectors, in this module, we will focus on policy for public interests (i.e. public policy) as adopted and implemented by governments and intergovernmental organisations (e.g. UN bodies). Public policy is a decision made by a publicly elected or designated body which is deemed to be in the public interest (Goodin et al. 2011). The decision seeks to achieve a desired goal considered to be in the collective interests of society. A public policy might be directed at an entire population, for example, the development of improved public transport or an improvement in local air quality. Or a public policy might be targeted at a selected population group, for example, a reduction in the rate of teenage pregnancies in disadvantaged communities or an increase in physical activity among older people. Thus, the formulation of public policy involves a process of making appropriate decisions for the public good. This is distinct from a policy that serves a private interest such as how an individual should allocate their savings to different types of financial investments, or how a company should deploy its workforce to optimise sales.
- What is Global Health Policy? What is Global Health Policy?
How might we apply the above to understanding global health policy? Health policy is a type of public policy concerned with principles or rules to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome(s) that affect the set of institutions, organizations, services and funding arrangements of the health system (Buse et al. 2012). This includes policies affecting the activities of both the public and private sectors which impact on health; as well as policies taken in the health sector and the many non-health sectors (e.g. education, transport, environment, housing) which impact on the broad determinants of health.
1.1 Types of Collective Action Health Problems Types of Collective Action Health Problems
Globally relevant risks and collective action problems arise from the intensification of globalization. In an increasingly interconnected world, the fortunes of populations across multiple countries, and sometimes across all countries, are linked and even interdependent. As described by Lee (2015), globalisation is having direct and indirect impacts on many health determinants and outcomes. These impacts, in turn, are leading to different categories of health problems requiring collective action (Soroos 1991): Each of these problem types need to be addressed through collective action by multiple actors across different jurisdictions.
1.1 Types of Collective Action Health Problems Transboundary or cross border problems
Originate in one state but have ramifications for others (e.g. refugees fleeing conflict, pollution spillovers). Many infectious disease outbreaks, such as the Zika virus or novel coronavirus (COVID-19), begin in one country but are readily spread across national borders to other countries through the movement of disease vectors and/or people.