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BIO 100.01 > 1: Intro to Living systems > Flashcards

1: Intro to Living systems Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of organisms

A
  1. Highly organized
  2. Have genetic program
  3. Grow and develop
  4. Respond to stimuli
  5. Maintain homeostasis
  6. Process energy
  7. Reproduce
  8. Adapt to their environment
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2
Q

organic compounds that are more complex than on living molecules

A

macromolecules

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3
Q

correspondence between the DNA sequence and the amino acid sequence in proteins

A

genetic code

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4
Q

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

all the essential biochemical processes in a cell that maintain life

A

metabolism

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6
Q

passing on of traits from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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7
Q

production of differences among traits across individuals

A

variation

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8
Q

characteristics of animals

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • lack cell walls
  • heterotrophic
  • most are motile
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9
Q

animals with tissue level organization or higher

A

eumetazoans

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10
Q

4 macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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11
Q

structural elements, chemical energy sources; most abundant organic substances

A

carbohydrates

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12
Q

3 classes of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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13
Q

monomer; simple sugars; single carbon molecule chain
(glucose, galactose, fructose)

A

monosaccharides

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14
Q

monosaccharide; key organic compound
typically forms a chain but forms a cyclic compound in water

A

glucose

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15
Q

formed by bonding two simple sugars; shared oxygen molecule between the two sugars
(sucrose, lactose, maltose)

A

disaccharides

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15
Q

polymers of monosaccharides; usually of glucose
(starch, chitin, glycogen, cellulose)

A

polysaccharides

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15
Q

important structural component of arthropod exoskeletons

A

chitin

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16
Q

fats/fatlike substances; low polarity; insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
(triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids)

16
Q

stores sugar in animals

17
Q

“true fats”
energy storage in animals
composed of glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules

A

triglycerides

18
Q
  • every carbon in fatty acid chain contains 2 H atoms
  • solid at room temp
  • more common in animals
A

saturated fats

19
Q
  • 2/more carbons double bonded
  • liquid at room temp
  • more common in plant oils
A

unsaturated fats

20
Q
  • glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphoric acid
  • components of the molecular organization of tissues
  • amphiphilic
A

phospholipids

21
Q
  • complex alcohols
  • structurally unlike fats
  • have fatlike properties
    (cholesterol, vitamin D3, testosterone, estrogen)
22
Q
  • composed of amino acids linked in one/more chains
  • linker: peptide bonds
23
Q

group covalently linked to amino group in proteins

24
Q

protein structure: sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

25
Q

protein structure: recurring structural patterns in amino acid chain formed by varying bond angles

A

secondary structure

25
Q

protein structure: complex & stable 3D structure formed by the bends and folds

A

tertiary structure

26
Q

protein structure: proteins w more than one polypeptide chain

A

quaternary structure

27
Q

biological catalysts required for various chemical reactions in organism

28
Q

complex molecules made up of nucleotides; encodes genetic info needed; contains sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

A

nucleic acids

29
Q

purines:

A

adenine, guanine

30
Q

double stranded, antiparallel; stores genetic info

30
Q

pyrimidines:

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

31
Q

single-stranded; has uracil instead of thymine

32
Q

3 steps of central dogma

A

replication, transcription, translation

33
Q

DNA copies by DNA polymerase
Result: each daughter cell receives identical DNA strands
Loc: nucleus

A

replication

34
Q

RNA polymerase transcribes triplet codes into mRNA strand
Loc: Nucleus

A

Transcription

34
Q

each triplet code corresponding to a specific amino acid

35
Q

ribosomes move along mRNA and tRNA adds amino acid that corresponds to codon
Loc: Ribosomes

A

translation

36
Q

hypothetical conditions of early earth:

A
  • lots of water
  • chemically reducing atmosphere
  • low amounts of molecular oxygen
37
Q

Organic molecules were synthesized from abiotic chemical reactions

A

chemical evolution

38
Q

evolutionary changes of major magnitude and consequence

A

major evolutionary transitions

BIO 100.01 (7 decks)

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