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BIO 100.01 > 1: History of Animal Life on Earth > Flashcards

1: History of Animal Life on Earth Flashcards

1
Q

gives the bulk of insights into the history of life

A

fossil record

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2
Q

measures the decay of radioactive elements in igneous rocks

A

radiometric dating

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3
Q

commonly used for bio materials less than 75,000 yrs old in radiometric dating

A

carbon-14

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4
Q

layers of sediment deposited at different times
(geologic time scale based on this)

A

strata

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5
Q
  • some time periods are more well-represented in the fossil record than others
  • only a tiny fraction of fossils have been recovered
  • the fossil record is biased toward more abundant, widespread, and longer lived species
A

limitations of the fossil record

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6
Q

hypothesis that DNA and protein sequences evolve at a relatively constant rate

A

molecular clock

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7
Q

the rapid diversification of life in the history of biodiversity

A

cambrian explosion

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8
Q

what diversified during the Cambrian?

A

chordates

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9
Q

The earliest true vertebrates were…

A

jawless fish w bony armor

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10
Q

vertebrates with jaws and paired limbs
(first known appeared during the silurian)

A

gnathostomes

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11
Q

the first terrestrial animals were…

A

arthropods

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12
Q
  • where winged creatures evolved
  • arthropods reached gigantic sizes
  • tetrapods diversified
A

Carboniferous

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13
Q

transitional form between fishes and early tetrapods

A

tiktaalik

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14
Q

the first terrestrial vertebrates evolved from…

A

lobe-finned fishes

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15
Q
  • first appeared around the carboniferous
  • gave rise to sauropsids, synapsids
  • became very diverse during the mesozoic
A

amniotes

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16
Q

lineage of reptiles and birds; became one of most diverse amniote groups in mesozoic

A

sauropsids

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17
Q

lineage of therapsids and mammals

A

synapsis

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18
Q

widespread/rapid losses of biodiversity over a short period of time; species are lost faster than they can be replaced

A

mass extinction events

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19
Q

85% of all species wiped out

A

ordovician-silurian mass extinction (443 MYA)

20
Q

75% of all species wiped out

A

devonian mass extinction (374 MYA)

21
Q

80% of all species wiped out

A

Triassic mass extinction (200 MYA)

22
Q
  • 78% of all species wiped out
  • nonavian dinosaurs, most marine reptiles, pterosaurs, many early mammal groups killed
  • asteroid in Mexico
A

cretaceous-paleogene mass extinciton (66 MYA)

23
Q
  • largest mass extinction event
  • wiped out around 95%
  • likely by volcanic eruptions in Siberia
A

Permian mass extinction

24
Q
  • age of the reptiles
  • warm climates
  • predation escalated
A

the mesozoic (252-66 MYA)

25
Q

predators and prey evolving alongside each other

A

evolutionary arms race

26
Q

2 lineages of sauropsids

A

lepidosaurs, archosaurs

27
Q

lizards, snakes, tuataras

A

lepidosaurs

28
Q

crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds

A

archosaurs

29
Q

one of three major vertebrate groups capable of flight

A

pterosaurs

30
Q

only surviving archosaurs today

A

crocodiles, birds

31
Q

first appeared during late triassic; 2 major groups

32
Q

“lizard-hipped”
2 major subgroups: sauropods, theropods

A

saurischia

33
Q

“bird-hipped”

A

ornithischia

34
Q

herbivorous dinosaurs w highly specialized teeth (stegosaurus, triceratops, parasaurolophus)

A

ornithischia

35
Q

large herbivores w small heads/long necks (brachiosaurus, diplodocus)

A

saurischia

36
Q

bipedal, mostly carnivorous dinosaurs (tyrannosaurus, velociraptor, carnotaurus)

37
Q

small bird-like dinosaur; has avian and non-avian dinosaur traits

A

archaepteryx

38
Q

the earliest true mammals first appeared in Jurassic
(mesozoic mammals were mostly small in size but highly specialized)

39
Q
  • 66 MYA - Present
  • beginning of modern world
  • adaptive radiation of mammals
  • human evolution
  • pleistocene events
  • 6th mass extinction event
A

the cenozoic

40
Q

three mammal groups that first appeared in the Cenozoic

A

rodentia, cetacea, carnivora

41
Q

had very similar anatomy/behavior w modern humans; first hominin to leave africa

A

homo erectus

42
Q

first appeared in Africa around 20,000 years ago; evolution separate from apes

A

homosapiens

43
Q

last epoch before modern day

A

pleistocene

44
Q
  • continents were situated as they are today
  • global temps dropped
  • sea levels dropped during glacial periods= land bridges
A

pleistocene events

45
Q

occured at end of pleistocene and into holocene; climate change/human activity led to these extinctions

A

megafaunal extinction

46
Q

first mass extinction event driven by a single species- homo sapiens

A

holocene mass extinction

47
Q

factors driving holocene mass extinction

A

climate change, habitat destruction, unsustainable resource use, hunting

BIO 100.01 (7 decks)

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