1- insulin resistance

Question 1

what are some functions of insulin once released? (5)

Answer 1

eat meal →release glucose →glucose levels rise →pancreas senses →makes insulin:

1. inhibits production of glucose in liver
2. stimulates glucose uptake & utilisation in skeletal muscle (for ATP)
3. stimulates glucose uptake into adipose tissue where metabolised as energy or stored as fat
4. inhibits lipolysis so reduces release of free fatty acids (so less floating in cell being bad for insulin resistance)
5. signals fullness in brain

Question 2

what are some problematic effects of insulin resistance?

Answer 2

• type 2 diabetes
• alhzeimers
• heart problems
• cancers
• hypertension
• liver & kidney problems

(loads)

Question 3

what does beta cell do when starts to be some insulin resistance?

Answer 3

as insulin resistance develops, beta cell tries to compensate at beginning (they keep trying to make insulin as they still sense lots of glucose) - eventually it gives up and person stops making insulin

Question 4

what is gold standard test to measure insulin sensitivity? simply describe the idea?

Answer 4

hyperinsulinemic- euglycemic clamp

= you give insulin & glucose at same time. normal person would need more glucose as insulin would tidy up the high glucose but if insulin not working then glucose stay high. this technique can also specifically measure different organs, tisse specific measurements

Question 5

how can insulin resistance be reversed?

Answer 5

• eat less
• move more
• medication like metformin or TZDs (thiazolidinediones)