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History- Germany In Transition > 1) Impact Of WW1 > Flashcards

1) Impact Of WW1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did WW1 break out and who was it against?

A
  • 1914

- The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) vs The Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia)

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2
Q

What state was the German army in by the Autumn of 1918?

A

On the brink of collapse- the Kaiser abdicated on the 9th November and fled to the Netherlands.

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3
Q

When did Germany become a Republic?

A

11th November 1918

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4
Q

What did Germany agree to in order to end the war?

A

An armistice

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5
Q

How did the Weimar Republic get its name?

A

Not all Germans welcomed the new republic and Berlin faced armed unrest from left and right wing extremist groups. For this reason the newly elected Constituent Assembly met in Weimar in southern Germany.

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6
Q

How was the Chancellor appointed in the Weimar Republic?

A

The Chancellor was appointed by the president and was meant to be the leader of the largest party.

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7
Q

Why was how the Chancellor appointed in the Weimar Republic a weakness of its constitution?

A

After 1930 President Hindenburg appointed Chancellors who did not lead the largest party and allowed them to rule using Article 48.

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8
Q

Why did frequent changes of government weaken the Weimar Constitution?

A

During the Republic there were 9 elections, two in each of the years 1923 and 1932. This resulted in a weak and often unstable government

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9
Q

How did the power of the president weaken the Weimar Constitution?

A

During times of crisis, the president could use Article 48 of the constitution to declare a ‘state emergency’ and rule by presidential decree (the president chooses the emergency). This was dangerous because it meant that laws could be passed without the approval of the Reichstag.

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10
Q

How did a coalition government weaken the Weimar Constitution?

A

The use of PR (proportional representation) meant that parties obtained seats in the Reichstag in direct proportion to the total number of votes cast for them. This meant it was difficult for one party to achieve an overall majority and resulted in a Coalition government.

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11
Q

What was the purpose of the president in the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Elected every 7 years
  • Controlled the armed forces
  • Stayed Out of the day-to-day running of the country
  • In an emergency could make laws without going through the Reichstag (Article 48)
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12
Q

What was the purpose of the Chancellor in the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Responsible for the day-to-day running of the country
  • Chosen from Reichstag by the president
  • Like a Prime Minister
  • Needed the support of more than half of the Reichstag
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13
Q

What was the purpose of the Reichstag in the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Voted on new laws
  • Members elected every four years through a system called proportional representation. This system gave small parties a chance to have a say in parliament
  • Elected by the German people
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14
Q

What was the purpose of the German People in the Weimar Constitution?

A
  • Elected the President and members of the Reichstag
  • All men and women over the age of 20 could vote
  • All adults had equal rights and the right of free speech
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15
Q

What sort of parties did most German Chancellors come from?

A

Moderate parties- this was until the appointment of Hitler, chancellors still ruled over extreme parties.

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16
Q

When did the German government sign the treaty of Versailles?

A

28th June 1919

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17
Q

Why did the German government have no choice but to sign the Treaty of Versailles?

A

As responsible politicians they new it would be potentially suicidal to resume the war (if they didn’t sign the treaty the war would resume).

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18
Q

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

To formally punish German for its involvement in WW1

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19
Q

What did many Germans believe (a myth that arose)?

A

Many Germans believed that Germany had not lost the war and the myth that the army had been ‘stabbed in the back’ by weak politicians arose.

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20
Q

What were Wilson’s (USA) aims with the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • To ensure Germany was not destroyed
  • To end war by creating the League of Nations.
  • Not to blame Germany, he hated the guilt clause.
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21
Q

What were Clemenceau’s (France) aims in terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Revenge and to punish Germany
  • To return Alsace Lorraine to France
  • No League of Nations
  • An independent Rhineland
  • Huge reparations
  • Disband German army
22
Q

What were Lloyd George’s (England) aims in terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • A ‘just’ peace, tough enough to please dictators
  • Land for Britain’s empire
  • Safeguard Britain’s naval supremacy
23
Q

How many clauses did the Treaty of Versailles contain?

A

440

24
Q

What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Territorial loses
  • Military Terms
  • Financial Terms
  • War Guilt
  • Political Terms
25
Q

What territorial loses did Germany face as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany lost 13% of its land with 6 million citizens and all her colonial possessions
  • Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
  • Alsace Lorraine was given to France
  • East Prussia was to be cut from the rest of Germany by the Polish corridor
  • The Saarland was to be administered by the League of Nations
26
Q

What were the Treaty of Versailles’ military terms?

A
  • German army limited to 10,000 men
  • Germany forbidden to posses any tanks, heavy guns, aircraft or submarines
  • Navy limited to 15,000 soldiers and to ships less than 10,000 tones
  • The Rhineland to be occupied by the Allies for 15 years and no German troops allowed in the area
27
Q

What were the financial terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • The allows fixed a special commission fund of £6600 million to be paid by Germany in 1921
  • Treaty took 10% of Germany’s industry and 15% of its agricultural land
28
Q

What did The Treaty of Versailles say about war guilt?

A
  • Article 231 said that Germany had to take full responsibility for having caused the war.
29
Q

What were the political terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany was forbidden to join newly formed League of Nations.
30
Q

Why did the Treaty of Versailles give ammunition to extreme parties?

A

The shame of the Treaty of Versailles and the fact that Germany was not allowed any role in negotiating the terms, gave ammunition to the opponents of Weimar, especially to extreme parties.

31
Q

Why was Weimar instable?

A

There was opposition and many threats from extreme parties.

32
Q

What was the Spartacist League?

A

An extreme league led by Karl Libkencht and Rosa Luxemburg who wanted a communist state.

33
Q

What did the Spartacist League do in December 1918?

A

Their demonstrations against the government led to clashes with the army.

34
Q

What did the Spartacists form?

A

The KDP (German communist party)

35
Q

What did the Spartacist League do in January 1919?

A

Workers were protesting throughout Germany, they tried to turn this into a full scale revolution in an attempt to overthrow Ebert and the Government. In Berlin they took over the government newspaper and the telegraph head quarters. They hoped that the workers would join them but this did not happen.

36
Q

How did the government react to the Spartacist uprising in 1919?

A

The government used the Reichswer (regular German army) and Freikorps (paramilitary groups formed from demobilised soldiers at the end of war) to put down the rebellion, they succeeded and Spartacist leaders were captured and executed.

37
Q

What were some event which challenged the political stability of the Weimar Republic?

A
  • The Spartacist uprising (1919)
  • The Kapp Pustch (1920)
  • The Munich Pustch (1923)
38
Q

Who led the Kapp Putch?

A

By Friekorp units led Wolfgang Kapp (a leading Berlin politician)

39
Q

What did the government do to provoke the Kapp Putsch?

A

In March 1920, the government tried to disband the Freikorps, they had little need for them now that all the left-wing groups had been crushed.

40
Q

How was the Kapp Putsch caddied out?

A

Around 12000 Freikorps marched to Berlin, forcing the government to flee. The Freikorps put Kapp forward as the new Chancellor of Germany.

41
Q

What did the Government do in response to the Kapp Putsch?

A

The Weimar government moved to Dresden the Stuttgart. The Reichswer in Berlin supported Kapp and therefore refused to fire in Kapp’s supporters. Ebert called on the people of Berlin to go on strike, trade unionists and civil servants supported the government so the Pustch collapsed.

42
Q

Why did the Nazis carry out the Munich Putsch?

A

They believed that democracy only lead to a weak government and there should be 1 political party with one leader.

43
Q

What happened at the Munich Putsch?

A

On the 8th November 1923, Hitler and 600 Nazis burst into a public meeting in Munich. At gunpoint the Bavarian Chief minister Von Kahr and the army leader Von Lossow agreed to help in the planned take over of Germany. They later informed the police and authorities of Hitler’s plan.

44
Q

What was the response to the Munich Putsch?

A

The Nazis were met by the police, 16 Nazis and 4 policemen were killed. Hitler was put on trail and the Nazi party was banned.

45
Q

What did Germany announce in 1922?

A

They could not pay reparations for the next 3 years- France did not believe this.

46
Q

What happened in 1923 to the Ruhr?

A

60,000 French and Belgian troops marched into the Ruhr and seized control of all mines, factories and railways. They took supplies from shops and set up machine gun posts in the streets.

47
Q

How did the government tell the workers in the Ruhr to react to the French invaders?

A

They told workers not to co-operate with the French. All workers went on strike, a policy called passive resistance, which was meant to be a non-violent protest but 140 Germans were killed.

48
Q

What did the funerals of the Germans killed in the Ruhr lead to?

A

Demonstrations against the invasion, which reminded people of the war.

49
Q

How did hyperinflation occur in Germany?

A

The government printed more money to pay the workers in the Ruhr even though fewer good were being produced.

50
Q

During hyperinflation who found themselves with nothing?

A

People with savings or fixed incomes like pensions.

51
Q

Who benefited from the hyperinflation?

A
  • Businessmen who borrowed money from banks were able to pay off their debts.
  • People found it easier to pay back loans
  • Serious food shortages led to a rise in prices with benefitted farmers.
  • foreigners who were in Germany suddenly found they could afford things ordinary people couldn’t.

History- Germany In Transition (7 decks)

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