1. hypothal and pituitary

Question 1

what hormones are released by the ant pituitary

Answer 1

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PL
GH

Question 2

what hormone controls FEMALE hormone production, and how

Answer 2

GnRH

causes ant pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

Question 3

what is the role of inhibin in female hormone production

Answer 3

feed back to inhibit FSH secretion

Question 4

what hormone controls MALE hormone production, and how

Answer 4

GnRH

stimulate ant pituitary to produce FSH and LH

Question 5

what does FSH and LH do in female hormone production

Answer 5

causes maturation of immature follicles to corpus luteum

Question 6

what does FSH and LH do in male hormone production

Answer 6

FSH: act on Sertoli cells in the testes -> facilitate spermatogenesis
LH: acton leydig cells, which then also stimulate Sertoli cells

Question 7

what does testosterone and inhibin do in male hormone production

Answer 7

inhibit GnRH, LH and FSH secretion

Question 8

what are 2 examples of a protein inhibitory factor and releasing factor?

Answer 8

PIF: dopamine (D2 receptor)
PRF: thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH

Question 9

during suckling, what are the immediate reactions in the hypothalamus after the nipple mechanoreceptors are activated?

Answer 9

• inhibition of dopamine receptors (inc milk synthesis)

- stimulation of neurones to secrete oxytocin from post. pituitary (stimulations milk ejection)

Question 10

when suckling, describe what the activation of nipple mechanoreceptors inhibits (starting in the hypothalamus)

Answer 10

• inhibit dopamine receptors
• which inhibit lactotroph action on anterior pituitary
• increase in milk gland cells and milk synthesis

Question 11

what is galactorrhoea

Answer 11

milk secretion from breast

Question 12

what is gynaecomastia

Answer 12

excess breast growth in females and males

Question 13

what could prolactinaema lead to

Answer 13

galactorrhea
gynaecomastia
infertility (males and females)
(suppresses menstrual cycle

Question 14

where is milk production stimulated

Answer 14

prolactin produced by lactotrophs in anterior pituitary

Question 15

what does dopamine release affect

Answer 15

inhibits PL release via D2 receptors

Question 16

how can hyperprolactinaemia be treated

Answer 16

D2 agonists: bromocriptine, cabergoline

Question 17

what is GH secretion controlled by?

Answer 17

hypothalamic hormones:
GHRH
somatostatin
GH and IGF negative feedback

Question 18

what are the main actions of GH

Answer 18

long bone growth until fusion of epiphysis
anti-insulin
metabolic effects related to growth

Question 19

what is the result of hyper secretion of GH

Answer 19

before fusion of epiphysis = GIGANTISM (childhood)

after fusion = ACROMEGALY (adulthood)

Question 20

what are the main treatment options for acromegaly

Answer 20

trans-sphenoidal surgery
D2 agonists: bromocriptine, cabergoline
somatostatin agonists

Question 21

what are some somatostatin agonists used to treat acromegaly

Answer 21

octreotide - long acting somatostatin
lanreotide - analogues SST2
pasireotide SST5

Question 22

what is the role of SST2 and SST5

Answer 22

SST2 and SST5 inhibit GH release

SST5 inhibits ACTH and insulin release

Question 23

what is the results hypo secretion of GH

Answer 23

before fusion of epiphysis = short stature

after = adult GH deficiency

Question 24

how can one treat short stature

Answer 24

• recombinant hGH (somatotropin)

- recombinant hIGF-1 (mecasermin)

Question 25

what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete

Answer 25

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

Question 26

what is neurophysin

Answer 26

carrier protein to transport oxytocin (from PVN) and ADH (from SON) to posterior pituitary

Question 27

describe the action of arginine vasopressin

Answer 27

-fluid balance: increase water re-absorption in kidneys (V2)
-increase blood vessel constriction (V1)
overall increase atrial pressure