1. Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior

Question 1

What is operant conditioning and who introduced it?

Answer 1

Concept that behavior and learning are based on consequences and can be shaped by changing these consequences. B.F. Skinner

Question 2

What is classical conditioning and who introduced it?

Answer 2

People respond to stimulus in environment. Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

Who founded humanistic approach to psychology and created client-centered counseling approaches?

Answer 3

Carl Rogers

Question 4

What is Immerision-Emmerision?

Answer 4

Third stage of identity development (comes after Pre-encounter and Encounter stages). This stage involves period of exploration and search for information. Pg. 66

Question 5

What is negative punishment?

Answer 5

Operant technique that removes desirable stimulus to shape behavior. (ie taking away something positive, like dessert) pg 55

Question 6

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 6

Operant technique where negative stimulus is removed (behavior increases when stimulus is removed, ie shock)

Question 7

What is positive punishment?

Answer 7

Operant technique where undesirable stimulus is added following a behavior for purpose of decreasing the behavior (ie hitting, shocking)

Question 8

An person’s phenotype is a product of what two factors?

Answer 8

Genotype and environment (observable characteristics like eye color, height… it’s biological makeup and surroundings)

Question 9

What is constructive cognitive play?

Answer 9

The process of creating or constructing something and is esp common in children ages 3 to 6 years old?

Question 10

What is functional play?

Answer 10

Common in children ages birth to 2 years and includes repeated motor movements with or without objects.

Question 11

What is social learning theory and who started it?

Answer 11

Emphasizes the role of learning by observation in the development of behavior. Albert Bandura.

Question 12

Having a lower level of education, being African American, and experiencing POVERTY in the past are all risk factors for:

Answer 12

POVERTY

Question 13

What does Piaget’s learning theory say?

Answer 13

Learning is related to internal mental processes based on exterior stimuli

Question 14

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 14

Collection of skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, mastery of social conventions

Question 15

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 15

Basic info-processing skills such as working memory and spatial visualization.