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Reproductive module > ✓ 1- Hormonal Regulation of Gonadal Function > Flashcards

✓ 1- Hormonal Regulation of Gonadal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of Estrogens?

A
  1. ↑ Libido
  2. Stimulation of growth of: uterus, fallopian tubes & vagina; mammary gland ductile system; follicles; bone & closure of epiphyses
  3. Secretion of plentiful, thin cervical mucus
  4. Stimulation of Granulosa cell-LH receptor formation
  5. Delay of bone loss at menopause
  6. Stimulation of thin sebaceous gland secretions
  7. Secondary sexual characteristics
  8. Sexual differentiation of brain
  9. ↑ progesterone receptors
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2
Q

What are the functions of Progesterones?

A
  1. Production of Secretory endometrium
  2. Stimulation of secretion of scant, viscous cervical mucus
  3. Stimulation of mammary lobular-alveolar growth
  4. ↑ Body temperature
  5. ↓ Uterine motility
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3
Q

What ovarian hormone opposes the action of Inhibit ?

A

Activin

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4
Q

What releases relaxin?

A

Corpus Luteum

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5
Q

What is the function of Relaxin?

A

helps soften cervix and relax pelvic ligaments at birth

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6
Q

What is the most potent form of estrogen?

A

17ß -estradiol

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7
Q

What is the predominant estrogen in postmenopausal woman?

A

Estrone

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8
Q

What is form of estrogen is produced mostly during pregnancy?

A

Estriol

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9
Q

What produces 17ß -estradiol?

A

Granulosa and Luteal cells [primarily]

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10
Q

What produces Estriol?

A

Produced by ovaries mostly during pregnancy

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11
Q

What produces Estrone?

A

Produced by ovary and peripherally

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12
Q

List the different form of Estrogens from most potent to least potent

A
  • 17ß-estradiol
  • Estriol
  • Estrone
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13
Q

What two progestins are ovarian hormones?

A
  • Progesterone
  • 17 -hydroxyprogesterone
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14
Q

What androgens are ovarian hormones?

A
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) & androstenedione ( →estrone →estradiol)
  • Testosterone ( → estradiol) and dihydrotestosterone
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15
Q

How long is the luteal phase?

A

14 days

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16
Q

What cells are stimulated by LH in females?

A

Thecal cells

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17
Q

What cells are stimulated by FSH in females?

A

Granulosa cells

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18
Q

What cell produces inhibin in females?

A

Granulosa cell

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19
Q

What hormones are produced by Granulosa cells?

A
  • Inhibin
  • Estrogens
  • Progestins
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20
Q

What hormones are produced by Thecal cells?

A
  • Estrogens
  • Androgens
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21
Q

What is the role of Inhibin in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian axis?

A

Inhibits the synthesis and release of FSH in pituitary gland

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22
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

Where are sperms stored and matured?

A

In epididymis

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24
Q

When do sperm become motile?

A

After spending 18-24 hours in the epididymis

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25
Q

Where are sperm stored?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Ampulla of Vas deferens
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26
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

A

secretes a mucous fluid that lubricates, cleanses and buffers the urethra prior to emission and ejaculation

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27
Q

What is the function of 5-a-reductase Type 1 in skin?

A

Sebaceous gland activity and acne

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28
Q

What is the function of 5-a-reductase Type 2?

A
  1. External genitalia
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Growth of penis
  4. Darkening of Scrotum
  5. ↑Pubic hair and Axillary hair
  6. ↑ muscle mass
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29
Q

What is the function of Testosterone?

A
  1. Bone Growth
  2. ↑ RBC
  3. Muscle anabolic
  4. Sertoli function
  5. Wolffian duct to internal genitalia
  6. Erectile Function
  7. Libido
  8. ↑ VLDL, LDL
  9. ↓HDL
30
Q

T/F: Sertoli cells are responsible for the production of Androgens

A

False, Leydig cells produce androgens, which is then used by Sertoli cells

31
Q

What hormones are produced from the Leydig cell?

A

Androgens

32
Q

What are produced from the Sertoli cell?

A
  • Androgen-binding proteins
  • Estrogens
  • Inhibin
33
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Sertoli cells

34
Q

What cell produced inhibin in men?

A

Sertoli cells

35
Q

What cells produces inhibin in men and females?

A

Men: Sertoli cells
Female: Granulosa cell

36
Q

What cells are stimulated by FSH in males?

A

Sertoli cells

37
Q

What cells are stimulated by LH in males?

A

Leydig cells

38
Q

What hormone has a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus in males?

A

Androgens

39
Q

What structures produce testosterone?

A

Testes [95%]
Adrenal cortex [5%]

40
Q

What is the primary source of estrogen and DHT in males?

A

Adipose tissue peripherally

41
Q

Describe the Two cell theory hypothesis of Testicular Steroidogenesis

A

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone from cholestrol. This testosterone either ends up in circulation or goes to the Sertoli cell where its aromatized to estrogen or converted to DHT. It can also bind to ABG to concentrate its levels

42
Q

What hormone starts steriodogenesis?

A

LH

43
Q

What is the estimated life span of sperm in female genital tract?

A

24-72 hours

44
Q

What does the seminal vesicle contribute to semen?

A
  • Gives it its mucoid appearance
  • Provides fructose + coagulum
45
Q

What is the function of semenogelins?

A

Keeps the semen in a coagulated form, until it reaches the female genital tract to keep it intact, then changes occur by anticoagulant from the prostate gland .

46
Q

What does the prostate contribute to semen?

A
  • Gives it its milky appearance
  • Alkaline secretion
  • Anticoagulum
47
Q

Describe the activity of Sperm at different pH levels

A
  • Active in a neutral to slightly alkaline media
  • Loses their activity in acidic media
48
Q

What does the vas deferens contribute to semen?

A

Sperm [10%]

49
Q

What is the function of semen?

A

Prevents early capacitation and provides nutritions for sperm

50
Q

Define Infertility in males

A
  1. counts <20 million/ml
  2. <50% motile sperm
  3. <60% normally conformed [shape etc.] sperm
51
Q

How many sperm cells are produced daily?

A

120 million

52
Q

How many days does it take spermatogenesis to complete?

A

70 days

53
Q

What is the average sperm count?

A

60-100 million per ml

54
Q

When does spermatogenesis start?

A

~13 years

55
Q

What stimulates spermatogenesis?

A

LH and FSH

56
Q

What is the function of nursing cells in spermiogenesis?

A

Sertoli cells:

  • Provide nutrients [iron, transferring and lactate]
  • Phagocytic action [removes excess cytoplasm shed by spermatozoa during spermiogenesis]
57
Q

Define capacitation

A

changes that lead to hyperactivity of the sperm cells, which later allow them to go through the acrosome reaction.

58
Q

What are the steps of capacitation?

A

removal of cholesterol + non-covalently bound epididymal /seminal glycoproteins → ↑Ca2+ permeability → influx of Ca2+ → ↑ intracellular cAMP levels → ↑ motiltiy

59
Q

What two things achieved in capacitation is necessary for acrosomal reaction to occur?

A
  • Hyperpolarization of the sperm plasma membrane
  • and changes in ion permeability
60
Q

What happens during acrosomal reaction?

A

cell membrane of the sperm cell fuses with the outer membrane of the acrosome → acrosomal content released outwards

61
Q

What are the stage of Follicular growth and Ovulation?

A

Non-hormone dependent stage:
Primordial follicle → Primary follicle

  • entry of a follicle into the early growth pahse is mainly dependent on intraovarian paracrine factors produced by oocyte and follicle cells

FSH dependent stage:

  • Primary follicle → secondary follicle [w/ thecal and granulosa cell] → Tertiary follicle [w/ antrum] → Graafian follicle

LH dependent stage:

  • Graafian follicle which matures and was bulging on ovary will burst and release the ovum → complete 1st meiotic division
  • Remaining granulosa and thecal cells → corpus luteum → Corpus Albicans [if no pregnancy]
62
Q

What hormones surge during ovulation?

A

Estrogen and LH

63
Q

When does progesterone peak?

A

During the secretory phase

64
Q

When does inhibin peak?

A

During the secretory phase

65
Q

Describe the effect of Estrogen on Gonadotrophic Hormone levels

A

Initially estrogen has a negative feedback on FSH and LH, but when estrogen peaks, that’ll remove the feedback inhibition and we see a surge in LH and FSH

66
Q

Which Gonadotrophic Hormone is higher during the follicular phase and luteal phase?

A

Follicular: FSH
Luteal: LH

67
Q

What hormone stimulates the corpus luteum?

A

LH

68
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin

69
Q

Describe Gonadotrophic and Ovarian hormones relation to Corpus Luteum

A

LH is needed to stimulate corpus luteum, which then produces progesterone, this then has a negative feedback on LH, which causes the corpus luteum to regress to corpus albicans

70
Q

What is the difference between thecal cells and Luteal cells?

A

TC do not express high levels of 17 -HSD, thus its major product is androstendione not testosterone

71
Q

Describe the Two cell theory hypothesis of Ovarian Steroidogenesis

A

Reproductive module (41 decks)

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