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A 131 > 1: History of Research into Human Origins > Flashcards

1: History of Research into Human Origins Flashcards

1
Q

What is anthropology?

A

Study of people, biological evolution, modern and ancient cultures, material cultures, social culture, economic and belief systems

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of Anthropology

A

Cultural - Study of living creatures
Linguistic - study of languages
Archaeology - past cultures through analysis of material culture from archeological record
biological - human biological evolution and variability

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3
Q

What are the two types of biological anthropology

A

Palaeoanthropology - study of ancient humans
Primatology - study of living species of monkey and apes

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4
Q

What is the difference between different anthropologies

A

the types of data used to answer questions of behaviour

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5
Q

What is the longest lived technology in human pre-history

A

stone tools - oldest in east africa

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6
Q

Why do biological anthropology

A

reconstructing human history, the major steps, understanding evolutionary history able to develop understanding of place in evolutionary world

why we live the way we do and why we do the things we do

story of human evolution is of all living today

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7
Q

Why is science very Eurocentric

A
  • political, economic, military power at the time
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8
Q

What is Age of Enlightenment

A

1600s-1800s
- most people though Bible literal, church powerful
- intolerance of people different
- development of new philosophies

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9
Q

Who is Irish Archbishop James Ussher

A
  • the world began 4004 BC, 6025 years ago
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10
Q

What is the fixity of species

A
  • god created all creatures of earth, the same way they are seen now, changing is heretical
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11
Q

What were philosophies from enlightenment

A

humanism - ethics should be based on logic, empathy and reason
Liberalism - value of individual human life and individual freedom
rationalism - knowledge gained through logic and rational though
Empiricism - knowledge comes from experience and observation

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12
Q

Which philosophies science was born

A

rationalism and empiricism

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13
Q

What is science

A
  • Free speech - individuals are free to develop hypotheses but others are free to criticize
  • peer review - researchers review each others hypotheses
  • Empirical testing and standards of evidence - hypotheses are tested against data from natural world
  • recognition of inherent biases - methodologies were developed to avoid such problems (ex:double blind, stat analyses)
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14
Q

What are advances in natural science

A
  • Far more biological diversity in the world…
  • much older than thought,
  • rational structure to the world physical laws that can be understood, - inherent cyclical connections between components of natural world (ex: rock formation)
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15
Q

What are the advances in humanities and social sciences

A
  • Diversity, culture, religions, where we are from is a small portion of the world
  • Strong historical ties
  • Languages linked and share common ancestors..
  • Reality of world not like biblical
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16
Q
A
  • massive increase in lifespan
  • decrease in malnutrition
  • GWP increase, decrease poverty
  • drop in conflicts
  • murder rates decrease
  • increase democracy
  • increased literacy
  • average work hours decrease
  • more happy
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17
Q

Who was the OG Neanderthal

A

Feldhofer Cave Germany 1856

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18
Q

Who examined first Neanderthal

A

Johann Fuhlrott told Hermann Schaffhausen (argued for evolution)

19
Q

Who was Rudolf Virchow

A
  • founder of pathology
  • thought Neanderthal was modern human
  • barrier to biological sciences and evolution
20
Q

What were three important changes in our understanding of world

A
  1. Extreme age of earth
  2. Extreme Age of Human History
  3. The Mutability of Organisms ‘Evolution’
21
Q

Who was James Hutton

A

Processes today were same ones that were always changing Earth’s surface
- law of uniformitarianism - ancient geological conditions were the same as or uniform to those of today

22
Q

What is the Law of uniformitarianism

A

ancient geological conditions were the same as or uniform to those of today

23
Q

Who is Charles Lyell

A
  • extreme antiquity of the Earth
24
Q

Who is Boucher de Perthes

A

found extinct animal bone tools in river… 1841… critics said they were generated in the sky by fulgurous exaltation conglobed in a cloud by circumposed humour “lightning”

25
Q

Who is Hugh Falconer

A

1808-1865 - agreed with Boucher and was a turning point

26
Q

Who is Lamark

A

organisms pass on their traits “Inheritence of acquired characteristics = lamarckianism

27
Q

Who is George Cuvier

A

went against mutability of species…. “Catastrophism” - change in fossil records is from catastrophies and “fixity of species”

28
Q

Who is Charles Darwin

A

1859 - Origin of Species explained the mechanism by which the evolutionary process worked

29
Q

Who is Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Alfred Russel Wallace had similar theory as Darwin, pushing him to publish his

30
Q

Who was Thomas Henry Huxley

A

“Darwin’s Bulldog”

31
Q

What is the missing link

A

Missing link between us and great apes

32
Q

Who is Eugene Dubois

A

Eugene Dubois 1858-1940 - island of Java found Pithecanthropus 1891… homo erectus… missing link?

33
Q

why is there no missing link

A

Large complex trees with many branches and many species

34
Q

Who is Arthur Keith and Marcellin Boule

A

rejected Neanderthals… thought modern humans are special

35
Q

What was the first neanderthal skull found outside Europe

A

The Broken Kill/Kabwe Skull - in Zambia

36
Q

Taung Child

A

Raymond Dart - Australopithecus africanus

37
Q

Who is Davidson Black

A

Peking Man 1926-1929 China - Sinanthropus pekinesis - homo erectus

38
Q
A

Sterkfontein Cave south Africa - 3 million years old.. Upright evolved before large brain Australopithecus africanus

39
Q

Other directions of early biological anthropology research

A
  • Variation in the morphology of modern humans - why do we look like we do
  • Visible differences and concept of race
  • Survival of the fittest and cultural diversity
40
Q

Biological anthropology’s contribution to archaeology

A

Finds remains of people, analysis of human remains
Skeletal pathologies - diet, nutritional stress, disease
Chronic stress from repetitive tasks can result in bones showing indications of specific behaviors
Social structure - high/low status, access to food, manual labour
injuries/breaks - livelihood/occupation, interpersonal violence
Bone chem analysis - diet, geographic origins

41
Q

What is classification

A

taxonomy (taxis) = arrangement

42
Q

Who is Carl Linnaeus

A

1700s - binomial classification system - plants and animals

43
Q

What is all the levels of classification

A

DKPCOFGS

A 131 (9 decks)

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