[1] History of MT in Global Context Flashcards
“Father of Medicine”
Hippocrates
“Four Humors”
Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile & Black Bile
Advocates the tasting of urine, listening to the
lungs (auscultation), observing appearances in
diagnosis diseases.
Hippocrates
Qualitative assessment of disorder the measurement of body fluid
Hippocrates
objective evidence, a manifestation that your physician perceives.
Sign
subjective evidence, a manifestation of the diseases apparent to the patient.
Symptoms
Who formulated the Hippocratic Oath?
Hippocrates
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
It is the sworn agreement made by physicians when they become doctors
Who wrote uroscopy?
Hippocrates
What is Uroscopy?
old way of testing the urine
Who formulated the humoral pathology?
Hippocrates
What is humoral pathology?
It is a source of a person’s disposition and disease in ancient times
It was used as a marker for diagnosis
Urine
What is the newest way of testing our urine?
Urinalysis
In urinalysis physical examination
color, clarity, odor
In urinalysis chemical examination
reagent strip
In urinalysis microscopic analysis
formed elements (eg. crystal)
excessive urination
Polyuria
S/S of Polyuria
diabetes, kidney stones, bladder infection,
and kidney failure
What is the normal range for 24-hour urine volume
2 liters a day
Who recorded the sweet taste of diabetic urine?
Hindu Physicians
Who concluded diabetes by observing the urine if
ants that are attracted to it?
Greeks
Who practiced immunization to smallpox?
Chinese
It is a preparation used to stimulate the
body’s immune response against infectious
agents
Vaccine
protection against infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, virus)
Immunity
Defense system with which you were born with – white blood cells. (e.g. skin barrier, cough reflex,
mucus)
Innate / Natural
Types of white blood cells
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
What are the specific types of granulocytes? Differentiate each.
Neutrophils- fight bacteria
Eosinophils- responsible for the parasitic
infections
Basophils- allergic reactions
What are the specific types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes/Phagocytes
What are the two main types of lymphocytes? Define each.
T-cells- is responsible for the immune
response of body
B-cells- produce antibodies
They are also known as phagocytes and eat infectious agents/ dead cells in our bodies.
Monocytes
Immunity that is built up as we are exposed to
diseases or get vaccinated.
Adaptive / Acquired
2 types of Adaptive/Acquired
Active (Antigen)
Passive (Antibodies)
Who recorded the sweet taste of
diabetic urine?
Hindu Physicians
Who practiced toxicology, distillation, pharmacy
analysis, and separation of mineral?
India
1st described hematuria by correlating the presence of blood to the physiological function of the kidney
Rufus of Ephesus
Book on Characteristics of Urine was written by?
Rufus of Ephesus
They were tagged by Herodotus (healthiest man)
Early Egyptians
Medieval Laboratory Practices
16th to 18th Century
Advancements in technology
Develop of new scientific methods
Discovery of disease-causing microorganisms
What century?
16th to 18th Century
Invented Microscope
Zacharias Janssen
Who traced the Outbreak of Cholera?
Jon Snow
Cholera is caused by the ____________
bacteria; Stool is _____
Vibrio cholerae; stool; rice watery
He/She used the microscope to investigate the causes of diseases
Athanasius Kircher
He published Micrographia and discovered the
microscope and used to examine thin slice of
cork
Robert Hooke
He/She discovered the gravimetric analysis
(specific gravity) of urine
Jean Baptiste van Helmont
He discovered protein in the blood (proteinuria)
Frederick Dekkers
Who first performed blood transfusion in animals?
Richard Lower
When is a Blood transfusion needed?
when a person has anemia (low in RBC –
low oxygen level)
He discovered coagulation (blood clotting)
William Hewson
He developed the Yeast Test for sugar in diabetic
urine
Francis Home
Who identified sugar in the blood and urine of
diabetic individuals?
Matthew Dobson
She traced the beginnings of medical technology.
Vivian Herrick
Ascaris lumbricoides
(roundworms)
Trichuris trichiura
(whipworms)
Anclyostoma duodenale & Necator americanus
(hookworms)
Strongyloides strecolaris
(threadworms)
Enterobius vermicularis
(sit/pinworms)
He/She stated that MT began when a book of
treatment of diseases published contained the stages of hookworm infection
Ebers Papyrus
Stages of Hookworm Infection
▪ Egg
▪ Larva
▪ Adult
He/She stated that MT began in the Medieval Period
Ruth Williams
He/She made the scientific observation that observation that the urine of certain individuals attracted ants and that such urine has a sweetish taste.
Early Hindu Physicians
