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Endocrine > 1) Histo of Pituitary, Hypothalamus and Pineal > Flashcards

1) Histo of Pituitary, Hypothalamus and Pineal Flashcards

1
Q

what are endocrine cells always very close to?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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2
Q

5 major classes of hormones and examples of each

A 
small neuropeptides: GnRH
large proteins: LH, FSH
amino acid derivatives: dopamine, epi
vitamin derivatives: vitamin D
steroids: cortisol, estrogen
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3
Q

negative feedback with thyroid hormones

A

TRH from hypothalmus causes AP to release TSH and neg inhibit hypothalamus

-Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) released from thyroid gland inhibit release of TSH from AP and TRH from hypothalamus

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4
Q

location of the hypothalamus

A

floor of the diencephalon

forms part of the wall of the 3rd ventricle

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5
Q

hypothalamus regulates by:

A

1) releasing and inhibiting hormones
2) produces own hormones and stores in PP
3) oversees ANS thereby helping stimulate adrenal medulla via sympathetic innervation

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6
Q

what hypothalamic nuclei primarily produces ADH

A

supraoptic

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7
Q

what hypothalamic nuclei primarily produces oxytocin

A

paraventricular nuclei

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8
Q

hypothalamus ____ anterior pituitary ____ thryoid ____

A

hypothalamus: TRH
Anterior pituitary: TSH
thyroid: T3 and T4

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9
Q

hypothalamus ___ anterior pituitary ___ gonads is target tissue

A

Hypothalamus: GnRH

Anterior pituitary: FSH and LH

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10
Q

FSH stimulates

A 
follicular development (ovaries) 
spermatogenesis (testis)
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11
Q

LH stimulates

A 
ovulation, estrogen and progesterone production (ovaries)
testosterone production (testes)
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12
Q

hypothalamus ____ anterior pituitary ___ adrenal cortex target to release __

A

hypothalamus: CRH
AP: ACTH
adrenal cortex: cortisol

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13
Q

hypothalamus ____ AP ____ stimulates growth

A

hypothalamus: GHRH
AP: GH
stimulates growth, decreases glucose uptake, increases protein synthesis, organ size, lean body mass

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14
Q

somatostatin inhibits

A

GH and TSH from the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

PIH (dopamine) inhibits

A

release of prolactin from AP

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16
Q

prolactin stimulates ___ and inhibits

A

stimulates: lactation
inhibits: GnRH, FSH, LH

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17
Q

location of the pituitary gland

A

in sella turcica within the sphenoid bone of skull

**posterior to the optic chiasm

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18
Q

nonfunctional pituitary adenoma

and symptoms

A

pituitary tumor >1 cm

  • compresses optic chiasm = bitemporal hemianopsia (issues with periphheral vision)
  • compresses pituitary = hypopituitarism
  • headache
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19
Q

pituitary embryogenesis: oral ectoderm

A

becomes anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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20
Q

pituitary embryogenesis: neuroectoderm

A

becomes posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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21
Q

neuroectoderm remains as

A

evaginates from floor of diencephalon, never detaches from brain, remains as infundibular stalk

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22
Q

anterior pituitary evaginates from roof of mouth and forms ___ residual tissue from here can cause?

A

rathke’s pouch, residual tissue can cause tumor called craniopharyngioma

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23
Q

craniopharyngioma: location, causes __ often contains __

A
  • benign childhood brain tumor that usually is suprasellar
  • can compress optic chiasm and cause bitemporal hemianopsia
  • often contains cystic spaces and calcifications
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24
Q

adenohypophysis 3 parts

A

pars distalis- anterior portion
pars tuberalis- surrounds infundibular stalk
pars intermedia- division betweeen anterior and posterio

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25
neurohypophysis 2 parts
pars nervosa | infundibular stalk
26
pars distalis made of
glandular epithelial cells arranged in thick cords fenestrated capillaries -part of secondary capillary plexus some CT stroma
27
6 hormones of pars distalis
FLAT PiG | FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH
28
2 groups of cells pars distalis
chromophils: acidophils and basophils chromophobes: stain poorly
29
chromophobe description
stain poorly, only nuclei visible, no hormone production
30
basophil hormones produced
FLAT
31
acidophil hormones produced
Prolactin, GH
32
FSH is stimulated by __ and inhibited by ___ | also feedback inhibition
stimulated: GnRH from hypothalamus inhibited by inhibin produced from sertoli cells also feedback inhibited by estrogen in females
33
effect of FSH
stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production in females stimulates sertoli cells to produce sperm in males (spermatogenesis) inhibin also stimulated
34
luteinizing hormone stimulated by and inhibited by
stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus | inhibited by: feedback inhib by estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males
35
LH effects
triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone in females -promotes leydig cell production of testosterone in males
36
Kallman syndrome
delayed/absent puberty and anosmia | -prevents migration of GnRH neurons to arcuate nucleus and olfactory neurons to olfactory bulb
37
ACTH stimulated by ___ inhibited by __
stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus ina circadian manner inhibited by glucocorticoids (cortisol) feedback inhibition increased cortisol reaults in a reduction of CRH secreted from hypothalamus
38
TSH inhibited by__
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
39
prolactin stimulated by
prolactin releasing hormone and TRH (from hypothalamus) decreased PIH enhanced by estrogens, BC, breast feeding, dopamine antagonist drugs
40
prolactin is inhibited by
PIH (dopamine)
41
effect of prolactin
stimulates milk production and promotes lactation | inhibits release of GnRH and thus FSH and LH
42
Growth Hormone stimulated by:
-GHRH -hypoglycemia, low levels of FAs high blood levels of aa's, exercise
43
Growth hormone inhibited by
somatostain, feedback inhibition by GH and IGF-1 -hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional deprivation
44
IGF-1
GH stimulates the liver to make IGF-1 aka somatomedin which then works on target tissues such as bone muscle, fat
45
pituitary gigantism
due to loss of eedack control of GH secreting tumor in pituitary
46
acromegaly
excessive adult production of GH | -due to loss of feedback control of GH secretion or to GH secreting tumor in pituitary
47
dwarfism
caused by insufficient GH
48
pars intermedia: function and consists of
function unknown consists of: -small basophils colloid filled follicles lined by pale cuboidal cells
49
pars intermedia in animals such as frogs
synthesize proopiomelanocortin which is a a/B melanocyte stimulating hormone which stimulates melanin production
50
infundibulum 2 parts
``` pars tuberalis (surrounds infundibular stalk, part of anterior pituitary) infundibular stalk (neural portion, part of posterior pituitary) ```
51
infundibular stalk | -what does it connect and 2 parts
thin neural stalk connecting the median eminence of hypothalamus to the pars nervosa 1) median eminence 2) infundibular process
52
Pars nervosa: pituicytes
glial like cells support numerous unmyelinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus
53
herring bodies
- in pars nervosa - expanded axon terminal filled with stored ADH and oxytocin - neurophysin carrier: carrier protein takes ADH or oxytocin and takes down terminal axon to swellings where it is stored before release
54
what is the release of ADH regulated by
hypothalamic osmoreceptors and baroreceptors
55
function of oxytocin
contraction of SM - uterine contractions during labor and after to contract uterus back to normal size - breast myoepithelial cells facilitate milk ejection - feel good hormone
56
pituitary blood supply
internal carotid artery--> superior hypophysial artery--> median eminence and infundibulum internal carotid artery--> inferior hypophyseal arteries--->pars nervosa
57
supeior hypohyseal gives rise to __ which does what
-primary capillary plexus in the median eminence which collects hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones
58
primary capillary plexus drained by ____ and delivers blood into ___
hypophyseal portal veins | secondary capillary plexus (in pars diestalis)
59
inferior hypophyseal arteries give rise to the ___ which does what
3rd capillary plexus | -supplies and collects hormones from the posterior pituitary and sends them into cirulation via own hypophyseal veins
60
pineal gland develops from what and where
posterior outpocketing of the roof of diencephallon in midline of 3rd ventricle
61
main function of pineal gland
to manufacture melatonin and serotonin
62
how is pineal gland regulated
by postganglionic sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion
63
pineal gland is made of what
pinealocytes: make melatonin and serotonin neuroglial cells: support calcified granular material: increases with age contains no neurons
64
pinealocytes are regulated by what receptors
beta-adrenergic receptors
65
melatonin is syntheiszed from what?
tryptophan
66
melatonin effects
contributes to drowsiness when lights turned down | -acts to delay sexual development until puberty by inhibting GnRH and GH
67
pineal tumors linked to __
precocious puberty | -decreaes in melatonin--->sexual maturity early

Endocrine (14 decks)

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