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Endocrine > 1) Histo of Pituitary, Hypothalamus and Pineal > Flashcards

1) Histo of Pituitary, Hypothalamus and Pineal Flashcards

1
Q

what are endocrine cells always very close to?

A

fenestrated capillaries

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2
Q

5 major classes of hormones and examples of each

A 
small neuropeptides: GnRH
large proteins: LH, FSH
amino acid derivatives: dopamine, epi
vitamin derivatives: vitamin D
steroids: cortisol, estrogen
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3
Q

negative feedback with thyroid hormones

A

TRH from hypothalmus causes AP to release TSH and neg inhibit hypothalamus

-Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) released from thyroid gland inhibit release of TSH from AP and TRH from hypothalamus

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4
Q

location of the hypothalamus

A

floor of the diencephalon

forms part of the wall of the 3rd ventricle

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5
Q

hypothalamus regulates by:

A

1) releasing and inhibiting hormones
2) produces own hormones and stores in PP
3) oversees ANS thereby helping stimulate adrenal medulla via sympathetic innervation

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6
Q

what hypothalamic nuclei primarily produces ADH

A

supraoptic

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7
Q

what hypothalamic nuclei primarily produces oxytocin

A

paraventricular nuclei

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8
Q

hypothalamus ____ anterior pituitary ____ thryoid ____

A

hypothalamus: TRH
Anterior pituitary: TSH
thyroid: T3 and T4

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9
Q

hypothalamus ___ anterior pituitary ___ gonads is target tissue

A

Hypothalamus: GnRH

Anterior pituitary: FSH and LH

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10
Q

FSH stimulates

A 
follicular development (ovaries) 
spermatogenesis (testis)
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11
Q

LH stimulates

A 
ovulation, estrogen and progesterone production (ovaries)
testosterone production (testes)
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12
Q

hypothalamus ____ anterior pituitary ___ adrenal cortex target to release __

A

hypothalamus: CRH
AP: ACTH
adrenal cortex: cortisol

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13
Q

hypothalamus ____ AP ____ stimulates growth

A

hypothalamus: GHRH
AP: GH
stimulates growth, decreases glucose uptake, increases protein synthesis, organ size, lean body mass

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14
Q

somatostatin inhibits

A

GH and TSH from the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

PIH (dopamine) inhibits

A

release of prolactin from AP

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16
Q

prolactin stimulates ___ and inhibits

A

stimulates: lactation
inhibits: GnRH, FSH, LH

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17
Q

location of the pituitary gland

A

in sella turcica within the sphenoid bone of skull

**posterior to the optic chiasm

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18
Q

nonfunctional pituitary adenoma

and symptoms

A

pituitary tumor >1 cm

  • compresses optic chiasm = bitemporal hemianopsia (issues with periphheral vision)
  • compresses pituitary = hypopituitarism
  • headache
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19
Q

pituitary embryogenesis: oral ectoderm

A

becomes anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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20
Q

pituitary embryogenesis: neuroectoderm

A

becomes posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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21
Q

neuroectoderm remains as

A

evaginates from floor of diencephalon, never detaches from brain, remains as infundibular stalk

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22
Q

anterior pituitary evaginates from roof of mouth and forms ___ residual tissue from here can cause?

A

rathke’s pouch, residual tissue can cause tumor called craniopharyngioma

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23
Q

craniopharyngioma: location, causes __ often contains __

A
  • benign childhood brain tumor that usually is suprasellar
  • can compress optic chiasm and cause bitemporal hemianopsia
  • often contains cystic spaces and calcifications
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24
Q

adenohypophysis 3 parts

A

pars distalis- anterior portion
pars tuberalis- surrounds infundibular stalk
pars intermedia- division betweeen anterior and posterio

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25
Q

neurohypophysis 2 parts

A

pars nervosa

infundibular stalk

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26
Q

pars distalis made of

A

glandular epithelial cells arranged in thick cords
fenestrated capillaries
-part of secondary capillary plexus
some CT stroma

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27
Q

6 hormones of pars distalis

A

FLAT PiG

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH

28
Q

2 groups of cells pars distalis

A

chromophils: acidophils and basophils
chromophobes: stain poorly

29
Q

chromophobe description

A

stain poorly, only nuclei visible, no hormone production

30
Q

basophil hormones produced

A

FLAT

31
Q

acidophil hormones produced

A

Prolactin, GH

32
Q

FSH is stimulated by __ and inhibited by ___

also feedback inhibition

A

stimulated: GnRH from hypothalamus
inhibited by inhibin produced from sertoli cells
also feedback inhibited by estrogen in females

33
Q

effect of FSH

A

stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production in females
stimulates sertoli cells to produce sperm in males (spermatogenesis) inhibin also stimulated

34
Q

luteinizing hormone stimulated by and inhibited by

A

stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus

inhibited by: feedback inhib by estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males

35
Q

LH effects

A

triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone in females
-promotes leydig cell production of testosterone in males

36
Q

Kallman syndrome

A

delayed/absent puberty and anosmia

-prevents migration of GnRH neurons to arcuate nucleus and olfactory neurons to olfactory bulb

37
Q

ACTH stimulated by ___ inhibited by __

A

stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus ina circadian manner
inhibited by glucocorticoids (cortisol) feedback inhibition
increased cortisol reaults in a reduction of CRH secreted from hypothalamus

38
Q

TSH inhibited by__

A

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

39
Q

prolactin stimulated by

A

prolactin releasing hormone and TRH (from hypothalamus)
decreased PIH
enhanced by estrogens, BC, breast feeding, dopamine antagonist drugs

40
Q

prolactin is inhibited by

A

PIH (dopamine)

41
Q

effect of prolactin

A

stimulates milk production and promotes lactation

inhibits release of GnRH and thus FSH and LH

42
Q

Growth Hormone stimulated by:

A

-GHRH
-hypoglycemia, low levels of FAs
high blood levels of aa’s, exercise

43
Q

Growth hormone inhibited by

A

somatostain,
feedback inhibition by GH and IGF-1
-hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional deprivation

44
Q

IGF-1

A

GH stimulates the liver to make IGF-1 aka somatomedin which then works on target tissues such as bone muscle, fat

45
Q

pituitary gigantism

A

due to loss of eedack control of GH secreting tumor in pituitary

46
Q

acromegaly

A

excessive adult production of GH

-due to loss of feedback control of GH secretion or to GH secreting tumor in pituitary

47
Q

dwarfism

A

caused by insufficient GH

48
Q

pars intermedia: function and consists of

A

function unknown
consists of:
-small basophils
colloid filled follicles lined by pale cuboidal cells

49
Q

pars intermedia in animals such as frogs

A

synthesize proopiomelanocortin which is a a/B melanocyte stimulating hormone which stimulates melanin production

50
Q

infundibulum 2 parts

A 
pars tuberalis (surrounds infundibular stalk, part of anterior pituitary)
infundibular stalk (neural portion, part of posterior pituitary)
51
Q

infundibular stalk

-what does it connect and 2 parts

A

thin neural stalk connecting the median eminence of hypothalamus to the pars nervosa

1) median eminence
2) infundibular process

52
Q

Pars nervosa: pituicytes

A

glial like cells support numerous unmyelinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus

53
Q

herring bodies

A
  • in pars nervosa
  • expanded axon terminal filled with stored ADH and oxytocin
  • neurophysin carrier: carrier protein takes ADH or oxytocin and takes down terminal axon to swellings where it is stored before release
54
Q

what is the release of ADH regulated by

A

hypothalamic osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

55
Q

function of oxytocin

A

contraction of SM

  • uterine contractions during labor and after to contract uterus back to normal size
  • breast myoepithelial cells facilitate milk ejection
  • feel good hormone
56
Q

pituitary blood supply

A

internal carotid artery–> superior hypophysial artery–> median eminence and infundibulum

internal carotid artery–> inferior hypophyseal arteries—>pars nervosa

57
Q

supeior hypohyseal gives rise to __ which does what

A

-primary capillary plexus in the median eminence which collects hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones

58
Q

primary capillary plexus drained by ____ and delivers blood into ___

A

hypophyseal portal veins

secondary capillary plexus (in pars diestalis)

59
Q

inferior hypophyseal arteries give rise to the ___ which does what

A

3rd capillary plexus

-supplies and collects hormones from the posterior pituitary and sends them into cirulation via own hypophyseal veins

60
Q

pineal gland develops from what and where

A

posterior outpocketing of the roof of diencephallon in midline of 3rd ventricle

61
Q

main function of pineal gland

A

to manufacture melatonin and serotonin

62
Q

how is pineal gland regulated

A

by postganglionic sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion

63
Q

pineal gland is made of what

A

pinealocytes: make melatonin and serotonin
neuroglial cells: support
calcified granular material: increases with age
contains no neurons

64
Q

pinealocytes are regulated by what receptors

A

beta-adrenergic receptors

65
Q

melatonin is syntheiszed from what?

A

tryptophan

66
Q

melatonin effects

A

contributes to drowsiness when lights turned down

-acts to delay sexual development until puberty by inhibting GnRH and GH

67
Q

pineal tumors linked to __

A

precocious puberty

-decreaes in melatonin—>sexual maturity early

Endocrine (14 decks)

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