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2=Haematology > 1. Haematology and Haemopoiesis > Flashcards

1. Haematology and Haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

name 9 common haematological tests

A
  1. Full blood count
  2. blood films
  3. erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  4. plasma viscosity
  5. coagulation screen
  6. haematinic assays
  7. haemoglobin - variant detection
  8. molecular tesing
  9. Point of care tesing
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2
Q

what 4 parameters are tested during a full blood count?

A
  1. WBC count
  2. RBC count
  3. platelet
  4. Mean cell volume of RBC
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3
Q

what is HCT?

A

haematocrit - packed cell volume

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4
Q

what 4 things are measured in haematinic assays?

A
  1. iron
  2. ferratin
  3. vitamin B12
  4. folic acid
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5
Q

give 2 types of Hb-variant diseases

A
  1. sickle cell anaemia

2. thalassemia

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6
Q

name for blood cell formation

A

haemopoiesis

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7
Q

site of haemopoiesis in the 2 week embryo

A

yolk sac

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8
Q

site of haemopoiesis in 12-16 week embryo

A

liver and spleen

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9
Q

site of haemopoiesis at birth

A

BM of all bones

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10
Q

site of haemopoiesis in adults

A

BM of only proximal long and flat bones

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11
Q

which colour marrow is active and which is inactive

A 
red = active 
yellow = inactive
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12
Q

where are Bm biopsies normally done?

A

pelvis

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13
Q

3 processes haemopoiesis (HP) involves?

A
  1. proliferation
  2. differentiation
  3. apoptosis
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14
Q

3 components of blood

A

WBC, RBC, platelets

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15
Q

function of WBC

A

prevention and recovery from disease

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16
Q

function of RBC

A

carry oxygen

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17
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting

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18
Q

3 types of WBC

A

monocytes
lymphocytes
granulocytes

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19
Q

what are granulocytes?

A

WBC that contain granules of enzymes in their cytoplasm

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20
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
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21
Q

most numerous cell in the blood

A

RBC

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22
Q

least numerous cell in blood

A

WBC

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23
Q

survival of RBC

A

110-120 days

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24
Q

shape of RBC

A

bi concave

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25
Q

3 functions of RBC

A
  1. contain Hb
  2. carry oxygen from lungs to tissue
  3. carry co2 from tissues to lungs
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26
Q

which the most numerous WBC

A

neutrophil

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27
Q

how many lobes do each of these cells have

i) neutrophil
ii) eosinophil
iii) basophil

A

i) 3
ii) 2
iii) 2

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28
Q

which WBC is abundant in leukaemia?

A

basophil

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29
Q

how to differentiate between eosinophil and basophil?

A

eosinophil - orange granules

basophil - black/blue azurophilic granules

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30
Q

which WBC fight against bacterial infections?

A

neutrophil and monocytes

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31
Q

WBC AKA pus cells?

A

neutrophil

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32
Q

what does eosinophils release in response to allergic reactions?

A

histamine

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33
Q

3 functions of eosinophils

A
  1. allergy
  2. hypersensitvity
  3. parasites
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34
Q

which WBC are phagocytic?

A

neutrophils, monocytes

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35
Q

which WBC release heparin and proteases?

A

basophil

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36
Q

do lymphocytes have a lobed nucleus?

A

no lobed nucleus

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37
Q

describe nucleus shape of monocytes

A

U-shaped

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38
Q

which WBC fight viral infections

A

lymphocytes

39
Q

precursor cell of macrophage

A

monocyte

40
Q

function of platelets

A

primary haemostasis

and initiate secondary haemostasis

41
Q

structure of platelets

A

small discoid structure

42
Q

survival of platelets

A

7-10 days

43
Q

2 classes of growth factors which regulate HP and inhibit apoptois

A
  1. interleukins

2. colony stimulating factors

44
Q

what type of molecules are GF?

A

glycoproteins

45
Q

4 sites of HP growth factor production

A
  1. liver
  2. kidney
  3. stromal cells (CT)
  4. T lymphocytes
46
Q

name of cell which all blood cells develop from

A

haemopoietic stem cell

47
Q

embryological origin of haemopoietic stem cell

A

mesoderm

48
Q

where are haemopoietic stem cell located?

A

Bone marrow

49
Q

haemopoietic stem cell is negative lineage specific - what does this mean?

A

it does not express any markers on its cell surface - therefore its exact phenotype is unknown

50
Q

name for RBC production

A

erythropoiesis

51
Q

8 steps in erythropoiesis

A
  1. HCS
  2. proerythroblast (pronormoblast)
  3. early erythroblast
  4. intermediate erythroblast
  5. late erythroblast
  6. nucleus extruded
  7. reticulocyte
  8. mature erythrocyte (RBC)
52
Q

what hormone regulates erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin

53
Q

where is erythropoietin made?

A

kidney

54
Q

describe basic physiology of erythropoietin

A

produced in response to low oxygen - causes more RBC to be made

55
Q

describe histological reticulocytes colour

A

blue

56
Q

what allows RBC to easily pass through capillary microtubules?

A

flexible biconcave shape

57
Q

as RBC mature what do they lose?

A

nucleus - unable to produce enzymes

58
Q

what 2 things does a RBC lose as it loses ability to produce enzymes

A

loss of flexibility

loss of shape

59
Q

where are RBC destroyed - 3?

A

BM, spleen, liver

60
Q

which parts of the RBC are recycled?

A

protein, lipid, Fe

61
Q

which parts of the RBC are exreted ?

A

Hb, bilirubin

62
Q

which precursor cell are monocytes and granulocytes produced form?

A

common myeloid precursor cell

63
Q

name for process of formation of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

A

granulopoiesis

64
Q

what regulates production of neutrophils, monocytes and basophils?

A

IL3

65
Q

what regulates production of granulocytes?

A

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

66
Q

what regulates production of eosinophils?

A

IL5

67
Q

6 steps of granulopoiesis

A
  1. myeloblast
  2. promyelocyte
  3. myelocyte
  4. metamyelocyte
  5. band forms
  6. mature granulocyte
68
Q

name of process for the formation of monocytes?

A

monopoiesis

69
Q

describe 5 steps in monopoiesis

A
  1. monoblast
  2. promonocyte
  3. marrow monocyte
  4. blood monocyte
  5. tissue macrophage
70
Q

name of process for the formation of lymphocytes?

A

lymphopoiesis

71
Q

describe 5 steps in lymphopoiesis

A
  1. lymphoblast
  2. prolymphocyte
  3. large lymphocyte
  4. small lymphocyte
  5. B/T cell
72
Q

where are B+T cells produced?

A

BM

73
Q

where do B and T cells mature?

A

B - bone marrow

T - thymus

74
Q

which interleukins regulate lymphopoiesis?

A

1,2,4,6,7

75
Q

type of immunity B cells mediate

A

humoral

76
Q

type of immunity T cells mediate

A

cell-mediated

77
Q

how do B cells recognise pathogen

A

via cell-surface receptors (AB)

78
Q

how do T cells recognise pathogen

A

APC

79
Q

function of B cells

A

produce plasma cells to produce AB

80
Q

5 types of T cell

A 
Helper
memory
regulator 
cytotoxic
natural killer
81
Q

difference between large and small lymphocytes ?

A

large have more nucleus and less cytoplasm

small have more cytoplasm and less nucleus

82
Q

process for platelet development

A

thrombopoiesis

83
Q

which hormone regulated thrombopoiesis

A

thrombopoietin

84
Q

what do platelets interact with on the inside of blood vessels to form an initial barrier?

A

von willebrands factor

85
Q

platelet function -3

A
  1. primary haemostasis
  2. vasoconstriction
  3. vessel repair
86
Q

4 steps in thrombopoiesis

A
  1. megakaryoblast
  2. promegakaryoblast
  3. megakaryocyte
  4. platelet
87
Q

platelets undergo endomitotic replication - what does this mean?

A

replication of DNA occurs without nuclear or cell division - each cell gets progressively larger

88
Q

when platelets are formed - where are they discharged into?

A

BM

89
Q

how is the platelet nucleus removed?

A

macrophage phagocytosis

90
Q

in what state do platelets circulate in the blood?

A

dormant

91
Q

where in the blood vessel do platelets travel?

A

at the edges

92
Q

3 steps in primary haemostasis

A
  1. activation
  2. adhesion
  3. aggregation
93
Q

2 steps in secondary haemostasis

A
  1. soluble fibrinogen formed into insoluble fibrin

2. fibrin intertwines with cellular components - forms thrombus

2=Haematology (9 decks)

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