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Anatomy Of Neuroscience > 1. Gross Anatomy Of The Brain > Flashcards

1. Gross Anatomy Of The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A 
Frontal
Parietal x 2
Occipital
Temporal x 2
Limbic x 2
Insula x 2
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2
Q

What is the function of ASTROCYTES?

A

Maintain blood brain barrier

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3
Q

What is the function of OLIGODENDROCYTES?

A

Produce myelin

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4
Q

What is the function of MICROGLIAL CELLS?

A

Phagocytosis - remove debris

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5
Q

What is the function of EPENDYMAL CELLS, and where are they located?

A

Secrete CSF, line the ventricles

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6
Q

What is the common function of all neurological cells?

A

Support and protect neurons

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system? How does this function?

A

NEURONS - (aka nerve cells) receive stimuli and transmit action potentials

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8
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons and their common locations?

A

Multipolar - most CNS neurons and motor neurons
Bipolar - sensory neurons in the retina and nose
Unipolar - all other sensory neurons

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9
Q

What is the benefit of the myelinated axons?

A

Protects axon
Speeds transmission
Has repair function

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10
Q

Why are myelinated axons faster?

A

Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier so it doesn’t have to travel along the entire membrane.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of unmyelinated axons?

A

Slow/dull sensations (eg. Pain)
Rest against oligodendrocytes
Slower nerve impulses

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12
Q

What is GRAY MATTER?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites and synaptic terminals (all BUT axons)

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13
Q

What is WHITE MATTER?

A

Axons (mostly myelinated)

Mem. Note: Myelin is fat, this gives the whiter shade

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14
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Deep areas of the brain, with dense collection of cell bodies. Usually functionally related

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15
Q

What is the CORTEX?

A

Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter - forms outer layer of brain tissue

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16
Q

What structures are contained in the DIENCEPHALON?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus

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17
Q

What are:
GYRI
SULCI
FISSURES

A

GYRI - folds
SULCI - grooves
FISSURES - very deep grooves

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18
Q

What separates the hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Longitudinal fissure

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19
Q

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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20
Q

What is the name of the large sulcus on the lateral aspect of the brain (separates temporal lobe from frontal/parietal)?

A

Lateral sulcus (Sylvia fissure)

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21
Q

What structure is deep to the lateral sulcus?

A

Insular cortex

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22
Q

What are the sulci on either side of the central sulcus?

A

Precentral sulcus

Postcentral sulcus

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23
Q

What deep, medial structure separates the limbic lobe from the frontal lobe?

A

Cingulate sulcus

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24
Q

What deep, medial structure runs posteriorly through the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus

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25
Brodmann’s area 4
Precentral gyrus | Primary motor area
26
Brodmann’s areas 1,2,3
Post central gyrus | Primary somatosensory
27
Brodmann’s area 6
Anterior to precentral gyrus | Premotor area
28
Brodmann’s area 17
Posterior, ventral occipital lobe | Primary visual area
29
Brodmann’s area 18 and 19
Occipital lobe | Visual association area
30
Brodmann’s area 41 and 42
Temporal lobe | Primary auditory area
31
Brodmann’s area 22
Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere) | Auditory association
32
What is the difference between Primary and secondary (association) areas in the cortex?
PRIMARY - sensory information initial analysis | SECONDARY - integrates information from multiple sources, contributes to perception, detailed analysis
33
Brodmann’s area 43
Lateral, ventral post central gyrus | Primary gustatory area (taste)
34
Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7
Posterior to post central gyrus | Somatosensory association area
35
Which brodmann’s areas integrate senses?
GNOSTIC area | 5,7,39 and 40
36
Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45
Broca’s area (left hemisphere) Lateral frontal lobe Production of speech, control of tongue and airway
37
Brodmann’s area 8
Frontal eye field
38
What is the prefrontal cortex?
Most anterior area of frontal lobe | Controls decision making, planning, motivation, self awareness, social behaviour
39
What is the motor cortex?
Precentral gyrus and Association motor areas | Plan movement, execute movement, some input from basal ganglia, cerebellum and other areas
40
What are the three white matter fibre types and their locations?
``` Association fibres (between gyri in same hemisphere) Commissural fibres (one hemisphere to another e.g. corpus callosum) Projection fibres (descending and ascending tracts e.g. internal capsule) ```
41
What is the homunculus?
Map of the pre and post-central gyri and their functions Precentral - motor Postcentral - somatosensory Dorsomedial = starts on lower areas of body Lateral = ends at face/mouth (intra-abdominal for sensory e.g. stretch of ‘full’ stomach)
42
What is the function of the limbic system?
Modulates hypothalamic processes (e.g. feeding behaviour, endocrine activity, sexual behaviour and autonomic control) Short-term response to stimuli (e.g. euphoria, happiness, anger) Regulation of motivation, learning and memory FEEDING, FIGHTING, FLEEING & FORNICATION
43
Name the important structures of the limbic system:
``` Cingulate gyrus Dentate gyrus Fornix (columns, body, crura) Hippocampus (at end of fornix) Parahippocampal gyrus (gray matter) Amygdala (bulb at end of hippocampus) ```
44
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Influence the thalamus which provides feedback to the cerebral cortex for initiation and control of motor responses and reduces muscle tone
45
What are the function of the hypothalamus?
``` Regulates energy homeostasis Water balance Stress response Thermoregulation Initiates fever Immune response Circadian rhythms Arousal and reproduction ```
46
What are the functions of the thalamus?
Sensory relay (somatic, visual, auditory) Cognitive functions associated with sight and smell Feedback for motor control; from basal ganglia to cortex Mediates emotional behaviour, memory and cortical activation Behavioural patterns Processes information about waking/arousal states
47
What are the divisions of the brainstem?
Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata
48
What is the name for the folds in the cerebellum?
Folia
49
What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Cerebellar peduncles
50
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Planning, programming and monitoring voluntary movement, learned skilful movement, postural adjustments, coordination of head and eye movements
51
Why is there convolutions (sulci and gyri) in the brain?
To increase surface area, which increases the amount of cortical tissue and therefore the processing power of the brain.
52
What is hemispheric lateralisation?
Unequal representation of functional areas between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. More neurons present on the side with the more active role.
53
What functions are localised to the right hemisphere?
``` Memory of shapes Stereognosis (depth perception) Hearing Musical ability Recognition of faces and body images ```
54
What functions are localised to the left hemisphere?
Verbal memory Mathematical ability Understanding language Speech control (motor)
55
What structure makes up the epithalamus? What is its function?
``` Pineal gland (and a small amount of surrounding tissue) Secretes melatonin (sleep regulation) ```
56
What is the general function of the subthalamus?
Conduction of somatosensory pathways | Conduction of motor pathways from cerebellum and basal ganglia
57
What is the name of the basal ganglia nuclei that is located in the midbrain?
Substantia nigra
58
What are the 4 main nuclei of the basal ganglia?
Lentiform nucleus Caudate nucleus Amygdaloid body Substantia nigra
59
Where are the lentiform nuclei located?
Lateral to the thalami
60
What midbrain structures are separated by the cerebral aqueduct?
Tectum (large area) | Tegmentum
61
What is the function of the superior colliculi?
Visual reflexes
62
What is the function of the inferior colliculi?
Auditory reflexes
63
What is carried in the medullary pyramids?
Motor tracts
64
What separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum?
Vermis
65
What is the function of the area lateral to the inferior vermis of the cerebellum?
Receives input from vestibular apparatus to help control balance and posture
66
What is the general function of the cerebellum?
Receives information from cerebral cortex and proprioceptors. Uses this information to smooth movements and planning/executing multi-joint movements

Anatomy Of Neuroscience (5 decks)

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