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Anatomy Of Neuroscience > 1. Gross Anatomy Of The Brain > Flashcards

1. Gross Anatomy Of The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A 
Frontal
Parietal x 2
Occipital
Temporal x 2
Limbic x 2
Insula x 2
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2
Q

What is the function of ASTROCYTES?

A

Maintain blood brain barrier

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3
Q

What is the function of OLIGODENDROCYTES?

A

Produce myelin

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4
Q

What is the function of MICROGLIAL CELLS?

A

Phagocytosis - remove debris

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5
Q

What is the function of EPENDYMAL CELLS, and where are they located?

A

Secrete CSF, line the ventricles

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6
Q

What is the common function of all neurological cells?

A

Support and protect neurons

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system? How does this function?

A

NEURONS - (aka nerve cells) receive stimuli and transmit action potentials

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8
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons and their common locations?

A

Multipolar - most CNS neurons and motor neurons
Bipolar - sensory neurons in the retina and nose
Unipolar - all other sensory neurons

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9
Q

What is the benefit of the myelinated axons?

A

Protects axon
Speeds transmission
Has repair function

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10
Q

Why are myelinated axons faster?

A

Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier so it doesn’t have to travel along the entire membrane.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of unmyelinated axons?

A

Slow/dull sensations (eg. Pain)
Rest against oligodendrocytes
Slower nerve impulses

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12
Q

What is GRAY MATTER?

A

Cell bodies, dendrites and synaptic terminals (all BUT axons)

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13
Q

What is WHITE MATTER?

A

Axons (mostly myelinated)

Mem. Note: Myelin is fat, this gives the whiter shade

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14
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Deep areas of the brain, with dense collection of cell bodies. Usually functionally related

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15
Q

What is the CORTEX?

A

Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter - forms outer layer of brain tissue

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16
Q

What structures are contained in the DIENCEPHALON?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus

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17
Q

What are:
GYRI
SULCI
FISSURES

A

GYRI - folds
SULCI - grooves
FISSURES - very deep grooves

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18
Q

What separates the hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Longitudinal fissure

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19
Q

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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20
Q

What is the name of the large sulcus on the lateral aspect of the brain (separates temporal lobe from frontal/parietal)?

A

Lateral sulcus (Sylvia fissure)

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21
Q

What structure is deep to the lateral sulcus?

A

Insular cortex

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22
Q

What are the sulci on either side of the central sulcus?

A

Precentral sulcus

Postcentral sulcus

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23
Q

What deep, medial structure separates the limbic lobe from the frontal lobe?

A

Cingulate sulcus

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24
Q

What deep, medial structure runs posteriorly through the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus

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25
Q

Brodmann’s area 4

A

Precentral gyrus

Primary motor area

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26
Q

Brodmann’s areas 1,2,3

A

Post central gyrus

Primary somatosensory

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27
Q

Brodmann’s area 6

A

Anterior to precentral gyrus

Premotor area

28
Q

Brodmann’s area 17

A

Posterior, ventral occipital lobe

Primary visual area

29
Q

Brodmann’s area 18 and 19

A

Occipital lobe

Visual association area

30
Q

Brodmann’s area 41 and 42

A

Temporal lobe

Primary auditory area

31
Q

Brodmann’s area 22

A

Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere)

Auditory association

32
Q

What is the difference between Primary and secondary (association) areas in the cortex?

A

PRIMARY - sensory information initial analysis

SECONDARY - integrates information from multiple sources, contributes to perception, detailed analysis

33
Q

Brodmann’s area 43

A

Lateral, ventral post central gyrus

Primary gustatory area (taste)

34
Q

Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7

A

Posterior to post central gyrus

Somatosensory association area

35
Q

Which brodmann’s areas integrate senses?

A

GNOSTIC area

5,7,39 and 40

36
Q

Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45

A

Broca’s area (left hemisphere)
Lateral frontal lobe
Production of speech, control of tongue and airway

37
Q

Brodmann’s area 8

A

Frontal eye field

38
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Most anterior area of frontal lobe

Controls decision making, planning, motivation, self awareness, social behaviour

39
Q

What is the motor cortex?

A

Precentral gyrus and Association motor areas

Plan movement, execute movement, some input from basal ganglia, cerebellum and other areas

40
Q

What are the three white matter fibre types and their locations?

A 
Association fibres (between gyri in same hemisphere)
Commissural fibres (one hemisphere to another e.g. corpus callosum)
Projection fibres (descending and ascending tracts e.g. internal capsule)
41
Q

What is the homunculus?

A

Map of the pre and post-central gyri and their functions
Precentral - motor
Postcentral - somatosensory
Dorsomedial = starts on lower areas of body
Lateral = ends at face/mouth (intra-abdominal for sensory e.g. stretch of ‘full’ stomach)

42
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Modulates hypothalamic processes (e.g. feeding behaviour, endocrine activity, sexual behaviour and autonomic control)
Short-term response to stimuli (e.g. euphoria, happiness, anger)
Regulation of motivation, learning and memory
FEEDING, FIGHTING, FLEEING & FORNICATION

43
Q

Name the important structures of the limbic system:

A 
Cingulate gyrus
Dentate gyrus
Fornix (columns, body, crura)
Hippocampus (at end of fornix)
Parahippocampal gyrus (gray matter)
Amygdala (bulb at end of hippocampus)
44
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Influence the thalamus which provides feedback to the cerebral cortex for initiation and control of motor responses and reduces muscle tone

45
Q

What are the function of the hypothalamus?

A 
Regulates energy homeostasis
Water balance
Stress response
Thermoregulation
Initiates fever
Immune response
Circadian rhythms
Arousal and reproduction
46
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay (somatic, visual, auditory)
Cognitive functions associated with sight and smell
Feedback for motor control; from basal ganglia to cortex
Mediates emotional behaviour, memory and cortical activation
Behavioural patterns
Processes information about waking/arousal states

47
Q

What are the divisions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

48
Q

What is the name for the folds in the cerebellum?

A

Folia

49
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

50
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Planning, programming and monitoring voluntary movement, learned skilful movement, postural adjustments, coordination of head and eye movements

51
Q

Why is there convolutions (sulci and gyri) in the brain?

A

To increase surface area, which increases the amount of cortical tissue and therefore the processing power of the brain.

52
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

Unequal representation of functional areas between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. More neurons present on the side with the more active role.

53
Q

What functions are localised to the right hemisphere?

A 
Memory of shapes
Stereognosis (depth perception)
Hearing
Musical ability
Recognition of faces and body images
54
Q

What functions are localised to the left hemisphere?

A

Verbal memory
Mathematical ability
Understanding language
Speech control (motor)

55
Q

What structure makes up the epithalamus? What is its function?

A 
Pineal gland (and a small amount of surrounding tissue)
Secretes melatonin (sleep regulation)
56
Q

What is the general function of the subthalamus?

A

Conduction of somatosensory pathways

Conduction of motor pathways from cerebellum and basal ganglia

57
Q

What is the name of the basal ganglia nuclei that is located in the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

58
Q

What are the 4 main nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A

Lentiform nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Amygdaloid body
Substantia nigra

59
Q

Where are the lentiform nuclei located?

A

Lateral to the thalami

60
Q

What midbrain structures are separated by the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Tectum (large area)

Tegmentum

61
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual reflexes

62
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory reflexes

63
Q

What is carried in the medullary pyramids?

A

Motor tracts

64
Q

What separates the hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

65
Q

What is the function of the area lateral to the inferior vermis of the cerebellum?

A

Receives input from vestibular apparatus to help control balance and posture

66
Q

What is the general function of the cerebellum?

A

Receives information from cerebral cortex and proprioceptors.
Uses this information to smooth movements and planning/executing multi-joint movements

Anatomy Of Neuroscience (5 decks)

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