1. Genetic Material

Question 1

Purines

Answer 1

Adenine or guanine, double ringed nitrogenous bases

Question 2

Pyrimidines

Answer 2

Cytosine or Thymine, single ringed nitrogenous bases

Question 3

Nucleotide (components)

Answer 3

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

Question 4

Nucleoside (components)

Answer 4

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, linked by phosphodiester bond

Question 5

positively supercoilied

Answer 5

twists in DNA that are introduced in the same direction as the winding of the double helix

Question 6

Negatively supercoiled

Answer 6

twists in DNA that are introduced in the opposite direction as the winding of the double helix

Question 7

topoisomerase

Answer 7

an enzyme that catalyzes the relaxing of supercoiled DNA

Question 8

Topo 1 (action)

Answer 8

cleaves one strand

Question 9

Topo 2 (action)

Answer 9

cleaves two strands

Question 10

camptothecin

Answer 10

anti-cancer drug that inactivates Topo 1

Question 11

m-AMSA

Answer 11

anti-cancer drug that inhibits Topo 2

Question 12

Doxorubicin

Answer 12

anti-cancer drug that inhibits Topo 2 by an indirect mechanism

Question 13

Z-DNA

Answer 13

left handed DNA, not present in vivo

Question 14

DNA bending

Answer 14

common with adenine repeats, useful for connecting distant pieces of DNA

Question 15

Beta-globin Gene Cluster

Answer 15

an example of a gene family group, located on chromosome 11

Question 16

examples of junk DNA

Answer 16

SINES, LINES, Proviruses, psuedogenes, satellites

Question 17

pseudogenes

Answer 17

sequences that are very closely related to functional genes but no longer code for gene products

Question 18

Processed pseudogenes

Answer 18

DNA copies of RNA transcripts that are inserted back into an organisms genome by reverse transcription

Question 19

proviruses

Answer 19

DNA copies of retroviruses inserted into a genome by reverse transcription

Question 20

transposable elements

Answer 20

SINES and LINES, sequences capable of inserting copies of themselves into new genomic locations

Question 21

SINEs

Answer 21

small, interspersed repeat elements, example: ALU sequence

Question 22

LINEs

Answer 22

long, interspersed repeat elements, at least 50 nucleotides, the full sequence encodes a reverse transcriptase

Question 23

microsatellites

Answer 23

short nucleotide repeats, repeats are highly polymorphic

Question 24

minisatellites

Answer 24

SSRs with longer sequence repeats

Question 25

SSRs

Answer 25

simple sequence repeats, for example micro and minisatellites

Question 26

polymorphism

Answer 26

any site in the genome where there is variation if it is common

Question 27

satellite sequences

Answer 27

highly repetitive short DNA sequences, usually at centromeres or telomeres

Question 28

telomeres

Answer 28

at the end of human chromosomes, repeating sequence of TTAGGG