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ETA 5: HEAD & NECK > 1: General Organisation of Head & Neck > Flashcards

1: General Organisation of Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What can be seen in Week 4 of embryological development? (2 things)

A
  1. Primitive gut and Neural tube have formed
  2. Primitive pharynx seen as cranial diverticulum (pocket) of primitive gut tube
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2
Q

What is the embryonic derivative of the Head & Neck?

A

Complex system of pharyngeal arches

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3
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches consist of?

A
  1. Core of proliferated mesenchyme
  • Covered by ectoderm on OUTSIDE surface
  • Covered by endoderm on INSIDE surfae
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4
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches derived from? (2 things)

A
  1. Paraxial and Lateral plate mesoderm
  2. Neural crest cells
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5
Q

What is found between each pharyngeal arch? (2 things)

A
  1. Pharyngeal Pouch (on endoderm (inside) side)
  2. Pharyngeal Cleft (on ectoderm (outside) side)

Pinside and Cowtside

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6
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 1st Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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7
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 2nd Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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8
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 3rd Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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9
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 4th Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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10
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 6th Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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11
Q

What are the derviates of the 1st Pharyngeal POUCH? (2 things)

A
  1. Eustachian Tube
  2. Tympanic (Middle Ear) Cavity
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12
Q

What are the derviates of the 2nd Pharyngeal POUCH?

A

Lining of Palentine Tonsils

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13
Q

What are the derviates of the 3rd Pharyngeal POUCH? (2 things)

A
  1. Inferior parathyroid glands
  2. Thymus
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14
Q

What are the derviates of the 4th Pharyngeal POUCH? (2 things)

A
  1. Superior parathyroid glands
  2. C cells
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15
Q

What are the derivatives of the Pharyngeal Clefts?

A

Only 1st cleft remains

It forms External Auditory Meatus

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16
Q

What are the major muscle groups of the head? (4 things)

A
  1. Muscles of facial expression
  2. Muscles of cheek (buccinators)
  3. Muscles of scalp
  4. Muscles of mastication (chewing)
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17
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression derived from?

A

2nd Pharyngeal arch

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18
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?

A

Cranial Nerve 7 (5 branches of it in face)

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19
Q

What are the 5 branches of Cranial Nerve 7 in the face?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Mandibular
  5. Cervical

To Zanzibar By Motor Car

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20
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A
  1. Skin
  2. CT (Dense)
  3. Aponeurotic Layer
  4. Loose CT
  5. Pericranium

SCALP

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21
Q

What does the loose CT of the scalp facilitate? (2 things)

A
  1. Movement of scalp over calvaria (top part of skull)
  2. Localisation and spread of infections
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22
Q

What is the scalp innervated by? (2 things)

A
  1. Cranial Nerve 5
  2. Cervical nerves
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23
Q

What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

Cranial Nerve 5

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24
Q

What are the 5 major fascial layers of the neck?

A
  1. Superficial Cervical
  2. Investing
  3. Pretracheal
  4. Prevertebral
  5. Carotid Sheath
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25
What is the Superficial Cervical Fascial Layer innervated by?
CN 7 (facial nerve)
26
What is the Platysma?
A thin muscle sheet of the Superficial Cervical Fascial Layer It is a part of the muscles of facial expression
27
What does the Investing Fascial Layer surround? (3 things)
1. The whole neck 2. Trapezius 3. SCM
28
What does the Trapezius help form?
Posterior triangle of neck
29
What is the trapezius innervated by?
Cranial Nerve 11 (Accessory nerve)
30
What does the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle do?
Divides neck into Anterior and Posterior triangles of neck
31
What is the SCM innervated by?
CN 11 (Accessory nerve)
32
What does the pretracheal fascia surround? (3 things)
1. Trachea 2. Oesophagus 3. Thyroid gland Surround the VISCERAL (organs) COMPARTMENT
33
What does the prevertebral fascia surround? (3 things)
Vertebral comparment
34
Whats inside the carotid sheath? (3 things)
1. Common carotid artery 2. Internal Jugular Vein 3. Vagus Nerve (CN 10)
35
What is the carotid sheath made up of?
The other 3 deep cervical layers 2. Investing layer 3. Pretracheal layer 4. Prevertebral layer
36
What is the Retropharyngeal Space? (2 points)
1. Largest + Most important interfascial space in neck 2. MAJOR pathway for infection spread from neck → thorax
37
What is a retropharyngeal abcess?
Pus filled bulge in the retropharyngeal space
38
What does a retropharyngeal abcess cause? (3 things)
1. Difficulty swallowing 2. Difficulty speaking 3. Fever & Malaise
39
What are the muscles superior to the hyoid bone? (4 things)
1. Stylohyoid 2. Digastric 3. Mylohoid 4. Geniohyoid
40
What are the muscles infrerior to the hyoid bone? (5 things)
1. Thyrohyoid 2. Cricothyroid 3. Sternothyroid 4. Sternohyoid 5. Omohyoid
41
What are the 4 tongue muscles?
1. Genioglossus 2. Hypoglossus 3. Styloglossus 4. Palletoglossus Get High Stay Phly
42
What are the pharyngeal muscles?
1. Palletopharyngeus 2. Stylopharyngeus 3. Upper, Middle, Lower Oesophageal Constrictor Muscles
43
What divides the anterior and posterior triangle of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle
44
What are the borders of the Anterior Triangle of the neck? (3 things)
1. Anterior border of SCM 2. Inferior border of mandible 3. Midline of neck (line down adam apple innit)
45
What are the borders of the Posterior Triangle of the neck? (3 things)
1. Posterior border of SCM 2. Anterior border of Trapezius 3. Middle 1/2 of clavicle
46
What are the 4 subdivisions of the Anterior Triangle of the neck?
1. Submandibular triangle 2. Submental triangle 3. Muscular triangle 4. Carotid triangle
47
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Posterior Triangle of the neck?
1. Occipital Triangle 2. Subclavian Triangle
48
What dividies the submandibular and submental anterior triangles of the nek?
Digastric (anterior belly) muscle
49
What dividies the submental and muscular anterior triangles of the nek?
Hyoid bone
50
What dividies the muscular and carotid anterior triangles of the nek?
Omohyoid muscle
51
What dividies the carotid and submandibular anterior triangles of the nek?
Stylohyoid muscle
52
What divides the occipital and subclavian posterior triangles of the neck?
Omohyoid muscle
53
What is the major blood supply of the H & N?
R & L common carotid artery (supplies all of H & N) * Branches @ superior edge of thyroid cartilage into: * External Carotid Artery * Internal Carotid Artery
54
What is the Superficial venous drainage of the H & N? (2 things)
1. External Jugular Vein * Crosses SCM as it descends neck 2. Anterior Jugular Vein
55
What is the Deep venous drainage of the H & N?
Internal Jugular Vein * Inside carotid sheath
56
What does the Intenal Jugular Vein collect from? (4 things)
1. Skull 2. Brain 3. Superficial Face 4. Neck
57
What does the the Internal Jugular Vein join with?
Joins with subclavian veins → form Brachiocephalic veins
58
What is the clinical consideration of the Facial Nerve (CN 7)?
It's long so can be affected in many areas
59
What are the main causes of Facial Nerve Palsy? (4 things)
1. Affects of Newborn 2. Parotidectomy 3. Brain tumours / aneursyms / viral infections 4. Bell's Palsy
60
What are the causes of Facial Nerve Palsy in a newborn? (2 things)
1. Mastoid process not developing fully in newborn 2. Forceps delivery → nerve compressed @ stylomastoid foramen → all muscles of facial expression damaged
61
How can parotidectomy cause Facial Nerve Palsy?
Removing parotid gland can damage the nerve (so close to each other)
62
What is Bell's Palsy?
Non traumatic inflammation of nerve @ exit from cranium @ stylomastoid foramen
63
What does Bell's Palsy cause?
Oedema and compression of nerve → ipsilateral structural and functional disorders

ETA 5: HEAD & NECK (4 decks)

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