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ETA 5: HEAD & NECK > 1: General Organisation of Head & Neck > Flashcards

1: General Organisation of Head & Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What can be seen in Week 4 of embryological development? (2 things)

A
  1. Primitive gut and Neural tube have formed
  2. Primitive pharynx seen as cranial diverticulum (pocket) of primitive gut tube
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2
Q

What is the embryonic derivative of the Head & Neck?

A

Complex system of pharyngeal arches

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3
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches consist of?

A
  1. Core of proliferated mesenchyme
  • Covered by ectoderm on OUTSIDE surface
  • Covered by endoderm on INSIDE surfae
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4
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches derived from? (2 things)

A
  1. Paraxial and Lateral plate mesoderm
  2. Neural crest cells
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5
Q

What is found between each pharyngeal arch? (2 things)

A
  1. Pharyngeal Pouch (on endoderm (inside) side)
  2. Pharyngeal Cleft (on ectoderm (outside) side)

Pinside and Cowtside

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6
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 1st Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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7
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 2nd Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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8
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 3rd Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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9
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 4th Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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10
Q

What are ther derivatives of the 6th Pharyngeal Arch?

  • Cranial Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Skeletal
  • Sensory
A
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11
Q

What are the derviates of the 1st Pharyngeal POUCH? (2 things)

A
  1. Eustachian Tube
  2. Tympanic (Middle Ear) Cavity
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12
Q

What are the derviates of the 2nd Pharyngeal POUCH?

A

Lining of Palentine Tonsils

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13
Q

What are the derviates of the 3rd Pharyngeal POUCH? (2 things)

A
  1. Inferior parathyroid glands
  2. Thymus
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14
Q

What are the derviates of the 4th Pharyngeal POUCH? (2 things)

A
  1. Superior parathyroid glands
  2. C cells
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15
Q

What are the derivatives of the Pharyngeal Clefts?

A

Only 1st cleft remains

It forms External Auditory Meatus

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16
Q

What are the major muscle groups of the head? (4 things)

A
  1. Muscles of facial expression
  2. Muscles of cheek (buccinators)
  3. Muscles of scalp
  4. Muscles of mastication (chewing)
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17
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression derived from?

A

2nd Pharyngeal arch

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18
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?

A

Cranial Nerve 7 (5 branches of it in face)

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19
Q

What are the 5 branches of Cranial Nerve 7 in the face?

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Buccal
  4. Mandibular
  5. Cervical

To Zanzibar By Motor Car

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20
Q

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

A
  1. Skin
  2. CT (Dense)
  3. Aponeurotic Layer
  4. Loose CT
  5. Pericranium

SCALP

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21
Q

What does the loose CT of the scalp facilitate? (2 things)

A
  1. Movement of scalp over calvaria (top part of skull)
  2. Localisation and spread of infections
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22
Q

What is the scalp innervated by? (2 things)

A
  1. Cranial Nerve 5
  2. Cervical nerves
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23
Q

What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

Cranial Nerve 5

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24
Q

What are the 5 major fascial layers of the neck?

A
  1. Superficial Cervical
  2. Investing
  3. Pretracheal
  4. Prevertebral
  5. Carotid Sheath
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25
Q

What is the Superficial Cervical Fascial Layer innervated by?

A

CN 7 (facial nerve)

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26
Q

What is the Platysma?

A

A thin muscle sheet of the Superficial Cervical Fascial Layer

It is a part of the muscles of facial expression

27
Q

What does the Investing Fascial Layer surround? (3 things)

A
  1. The whole neck
  2. Trapezius
  3. SCM
28
Q

What does the Trapezius help form?

A

Posterior triangle of neck

29
Q

What is the trapezius innervated by?

A

Cranial Nerve 11 (Accessory nerve)

30
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle do?

A

Divides neck into Anterior and Posterior triangles of neck

31
Q

What is the SCM innervated by?

A

CN 11 (Accessory nerve)

32
Q

What does the pretracheal fascia surround? (3 things)

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Oesophagus
  3. Thyroid gland

Surround the VISCERAL (organs) COMPARTMENT

33
Q

What does the prevertebral fascia surround? (3 things)

A

Vertebral comparment

34
Q

Whats inside the carotid sheath? (3 things)

A
  1. Common carotid artery
  2. Internal Jugular Vein
  3. Vagus Nerve (CN 10)
35
Q

What is the carotid sheath made up of?

A

The other 3 deep cervical layers

  1. Investing layer
  2. Pretracheal layer
  3. Prevertebral layer
36
Q

What is the Retropharyngeal Space? (2 points)

A
  1. Largest + Most important interfascial space in neck
  2. MAJOR pathway for infection spread from neck → thorax
37
Q

What is a retropharyngeal abcess?

A

Pus filled bulge in the retropharyngeal space

38
Q

What does a retropharyngeal abcess cause? (3 things)

A
  1. Difficulty swallowing
  2. Difficulty speaking
  3. Fever & Malaise
39
Q

What are the muscles superior to the hyoid bone? (4 things)

A
  1. Stylohyoid
  2. Digastric
  3. Mylohoid
  4. Geniohyoid
40
Q

What are the muscles infrerior to the hyoid bone? (5 things)

A
  1. Thyrohyoid
  2. Cricothyroid
  3. Sternothyroid
  4. Sternohyoid
  5. Omohyoid
41
Q

What are the 4 tongue muscles?

A
  1. Genioglossus
  2. Hypoglossus
  3. Styloglossus
  4. Palletoglossus

Get High Stay Phly

42
Q

What are the pharyngeal muscles?

A
  1. Palletopharyngeus
  2. Stylopharyngeus
  3. Upper, Middle, Lower Oesophageal Constrictor Muscles
43
Q

What divides the anterior and posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle

44
Q

What are the borders of the Anterior Triangle of the neck? (3 things)

A
  1. Anterior border of SCM
  2. Inferior border of mandible
  3. Midline of neck (line down adam apple innit)
45
Q

What are the borders of the Posterior Triangle of the neck? (3 things)

A
  1. Posterior border of SCM
  2. Anterior border of Trapezius
  3. Middle 1/2 of clavicle
46
Q

What are the 4 subdivisions of the Anterior Triangle of the neck?

A
  1. Submandibular triangle
  2. Submental triangle
  3. Muscular triangle
  4. Carotid triangle
47
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Posterior Triangle of the neck?

A
  1. Occipital Triangle
  2. Subclavian Triangle
48
Q

What dividies the submandibular and submental anterior triangles of the nek?

A

Digastric (anterior belly) muscle

49
Q

What dividies the submental and muscular anterior triangles of the nek?

A

Hyoid bone

50
Q

What dividies the muscular and carotid anterior triangles of the nek?

A

Omohyoid muscle

51
Q

What dividies the carotid and submandibular anterior triangles of the nek?

A

Stylohyoid muscle

52
Q

What divides the occipital and subclavian posterior triangles of the neck?

A

Omohyoid muscle

53
Q

What is the major blood supply of the H & N?

A

R & L common carotid artery (supplies all of H & N)

  • Branches @ superior edge of thyroid cartilage into:
    • External Carotid Artery
    • Internal Carotid Artery
54
Q

What is the Superficial venous drainage of the H & N? (2 things)

A
  1. External Jugular Vein
    * Crosses SCM as it descends neck
  2. Anterior Jugular Vein
55
Q

What is the Deep venous drainage of the H & N?

A

Internal Jugular Vein

  • Inside carotid sheath
56
Q

What does the Intenal Jugular Vein collect from? (4 things)

A
  1. Skull
  2. Brain
  3. Superficial Face
  4. Neck
57
Q

What does the the Internal Jugular Vein join with?

A

Joins with subclavian veins → form Brachiocephalic veins

58
Q

What is the clinical consideration of the Facial Nerve (CN 7)?

A

It’s long so can be affected in many areas

59
Q

What are the main causes of Facial Nerve Palsy? (4 things)

A
  1. Affects of Newborn
  2. Parotidectomy
  3. Brain tumours / aneursyms / viral infections
  4. Bell’s Palsy
60
Q

What are the causes of Facial Nerve Palsy in a newborn? (2 things)

A
  1. Mastoid process not developing fully in newborn
  2. Forceps delivery → nerve compressed @ stylomastoid foramen → all muscles of facial expression damaged
61
Q

How can parotidectomy cause Facial Nerve Palsy?

A

Removing parotid gland can damage the nerve (so close to each other)

62
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Non traumatic inflammation of nerve @ exit from cranium @ stylomastoid foramen

63
Q

What does Bell’s Palsy cause?

A

Oedema and compression of nerve → ipsilateral structural and functional disorders

ETA 5: HEAD & NECK (4 decks)

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