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Physics IGCSE > 1. Forces + Motion > Flashcards

1. Forces + Motion Flashcards

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1
Q

A vector quantity has

A

Magnitude and direction

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2
Q

A scalar quantity has

A

Only magnitude

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3
Q

Some examples of scalar quantities are

A

Distance speed time energy

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4
Q

Some examples of vector quantities are

A

Velocity Acceleration force displacement

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5
Q

Forces can change the

A

Speed shape and direction of something

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6
Q

Forces are measured in

A

Newton’s

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7
Q

What is the opposing force to motion

A

Friction

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8
Q

Air resistance is a form of

A

Friction

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9
Q

What is Newton’s first law

A

An object has a constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force

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10
Q

What is Newton’s second law

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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11
Q

What is Newton’s third law

A

Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force.

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12
Q

What is mass

A

A measure of the amount of matter in an object

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13
Q

What is the formula for weight

A

W = mass x grav field strength

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14
Q

What is the grav field strength on Earth

A

10N/kg

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15
Q

Where does the weight of an object act from

A

It’s centre of gravity

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16
Q

What is speed

A

The distance travelled in a certain time

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17
Q

What is the formula for speed

A

S = distance / time

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18
Q

What is velocity

A

The speed in a given direction

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19
Q

What is acceleration

A

The change in velocity per unit time

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20
Q

What is the formula for acceleration

A

Change on velocity / time taken

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21
Q

In a distance time graph:

The gradient is

A

Velocity

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22
Q

In a distance time graph:

A negative gradient shows

A

It is returning back to the starting point

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23
Q

In a distance time graph:

A curved line means

A

It is accelerating

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24
Q

how can you measure friction

A

Measure the force used to overcome it

The more force needed the more friction

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25
Q

What affects friction

A

Surface
Mass
Gradient of the slope
Texture (Is the ramp straight + smooth?)

26
Q

Which has more friction, an object of the same shape and size on a shallower or steeper slope?

A

A shallower slope because there is more friction to overcome it (more force more friction)

27
Q

Why is friction good?

A

Necessary for some things to move like walking
Starts chemical reactions like fire
Allows break for cars

28
Q

Why is friction bad?

A

Slows things down
Damages, wears down moving parts
Heats up moving parts

29
Q

How to reduce friction

A 
Lubricate surfaces (grease, oil, water)
Use ball bearings 
Make surfaces smooth 
Reduce surface area in contact
Reduce the force pushing them together because the less force the less friction
30
Q

What does SUVAT stand for

A 
S - displacement (distance)
U - initial speed
V - final speed
A - acceleration 
T - time
31
Q

Which property of a velocity-time graph can be used

to calculate distance travelled?

A

Area under the graph

32
Q

State an equation linking final speed, initial speed,

acceleration and distance travelled

A

v² = u² + 2as

33
Q

Name two types of forces that always

opposes motion

A
  1. Friction

2. Air Resistance (Drag)

34
Q

a) Which type of force holds planets around the Sun?

b) Which type of force holds electrons around the nucleus?

A

a) Gravitational Force

b) Electrostatic Force

35
Q

State the ways that a force can affect the body that it

is being applied on

A

-It can change the shape of the object
(extension/compression)
-It can change the speed of the object
-It can change the direction the object is moving

36
Q

State an equation linking unbalanced force, mass

and acceleration

A

Force (N) = Mass(kg) x Acceleration (m / s^2)

F = m x a

37
Q

State an equation linking mass, weight and

gravitational acceleration

A 
Weight(N) = Mass(kg) x g (m / s^2)
W = mg
38
Q

What is the relationship between stopping
distance, braking distance and thinking distance
of a car while stopping?

A

Stopping Dist. = Thinking Dist. + Braking Dist.

39
Q

State 3 factors that affect the stopping distance of a

car

A
  • Reaction time
  • Weather conditions
  • Initial speed
  • Driver’s conditions
  • Road Conditions
  • Mass of the car
  • Tire Conditions
40
Q

State two factors that affect the air

resistance acting on a falling object

A
  • Surface Area

- Speed

41
Q

Describe how a falling object reaches terminal

velocity

A

At first the object falls under the effect of its weight accelerating with g. As it accelerates, air resistance opposing the motion increases therefore the resultant force acting on the object decreases and since F=ma, acceleration decreases. When air resistance becomes equal to weight, forces are balanced so the resultant force=0 therefore a=0 and object reaches terminal velocity.

42
Q

State what is meant by obeying Hooke’s Law

A

Extension is directly proportional with the

force applied.

43
Q

Explain what is the difference between elastic and

plastic behavior.

A
  • In elastic behaviour, object recovers its original shape when the forces causing the extension is removed.
  • In plastic behavior, there is a permanent deformation to the shape of the object when forces are removed.
44
Q

What is momentum

A

The product of an object’s mass and velocity

45
Q

What is the equation for momentum

A 
Momentum = mass × velocity
p = m × v
46
Q

What are the units for momentum

A

Kilogram metres per second (kgm/s)

47
Q

Change in momentum over time is equal to what

A

The force exerted on an object

48
Q

Force (momentum) equation

A 
Force = change in momentum/time
F = mv-mu/t
49
Q

What is the principle of the conservation of momentum

A

The total momentum before is equal to the total momentum after

50
Q

What is the equation for Hooke’s law

A

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥 where F is the force applied to the spring, k is the

spring constant, and x is the extension.

51
Q

What does a linear force/extension (straight line) graph show

A

Elastic deformation following Hooke’s law
- The point it stops being linear is called the
limit of proportionality. From then on, it
does not obey Hooke’s law.
- Gradient is the spring constant, k

52
Q

What does a non-linear (curved line) force-extension graph show

A

Deformation not following Hooke’s law

• After this region, it will fracture

53
Q

What is a moment

A

A measure of something’s turning effect measured in newton metres

54
Q

How do you work out the moment

A

Moment = force x perpendicular distance from pivot point

55
Q

What is the principle of moments

A

Sum of clockwise moments = sum of Anti-clockwise moments also there is no resultant force

56
Q

What affect does a resultant force have on an object moving at a steady speed

A

It makes it accelerate which can either be positive or negative (decelerate). Which makes it speed up, slow down change direction

57
Q

How do you work out the gradient

A

y2-y1/ x2-x1

58
Q

What is a turning force

A

A force which rotates either clockwise or anti-clockwise

59
Q

What is a pivot/fulcrum

A

Is a point about which an object can be turned or rotated

60
Q

How would you balance a big person and a small person on a seesaw so it’s balanced

A

The smaller person goes further away form the pivot and the bigger person goes closer

Physics IGCSE (6 decks)

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