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SA Ophtho/Neuro > 1: Feline Neuro > Flashcards

1: Feline Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What portions of the neuro exam are considered unreliable in cats?

A

Cutaneous trunci reflex
Menace response

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2
Q

Treatment for Audiogenic Reflex Seizures:

A

Avoiding trigger sounds eliminate seizures in 75% of patients
Keppra (Levetiracetam) is the drug of choice

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3
Q

Which form of feline epilepsy is typically refractory to standard antiepileptic therapy?

A

Hippocampal Necrosis

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4
Q

Diagnosis of feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A

Diagnosis of exclusion
Apparent hallucinations +/- self mutilation with no abnormal diagnostic measures. Young cats

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5
Q

What is the treatment of choice for feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A

Gabapentin (works in ~2/3 patients)

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6
Q

What are the treatment options for feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A

Behavior modifying drugs: Gabapentin, clomipramine, amitriptyline
ASD: Phenobarbital
Pain Management: Pred/Meloxicam (usually last line of therapy)

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7
Q

How does idiopathic epilepsy present in cats?

A

Often during resting conditions
Running fits
Status uncommon
Normal interictal

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8
Q

What ASDs should you literally never give a cat according to Shinn?

A

DIAZEPAM and also potassium bromide is bad too

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9
Q

What is the main determinant of prognosis in cats with idiopathic epilepsy?

A

Age; 12% increase risk of death with each year of age

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10
Q

What percent of cats with idiopathic epilepsy go into remission?

A

40%
Can happen even without AEDs

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10
Q

What percent of cats with idiopathic epilepsy respond to AEDs?

A

70%

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11
Q

What signalment is common with audiogenic reflex seizures?

A

Birmans overrepresented
OLD cats- 10-19yrs; 15yo ave

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12
Q

What are the current treatment options for hippocampal necrosis in cats?

A

AEDs- phenobarbital preferred
Prednisolone as last resort (immune suppression)

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13
Q

Diagnosis of hippocampal necrosis in cats?

A

Clinically + Brain MRI
+/- voltage gated potassium channel-complex antibodies

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14
Q

Pathophysiology of FIP:

A

virus replicates within macrophages resulting in immune-mediated vasculitis

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of CNS disease in cats?

A

FIP

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16
Q

What ocular signs are consistent with FIP/neurologic FIP?

A

Anterior chamber hemorrhage
Iris vasculitis

17
Q

What are the treatment options for FIP?

A

Antiviral adenosine nucleoside analogue GS-441524 (legal)
Remdesivir (Kevin’s drug of choice)

18
Q

What neurologic processes may be present with toxoplasmosis infection?

A

Encephalitis, granulomas, segmental myelitis

19
Q

What signs might you see with toxoplasmosis related granulomas and encephalitis?

A

Seizures, vestibular signs, cerebellar signs, obtunded

20
Q

What signs might you see with toxoplasmosis related segmental myelitis?

A

Proprioceptive ataxia, weakness, incontinence

21
Q

When is CNS disease most common with toxoplasmosis?

A

Following reactivation of latent bradyzoites within the brain/spinal cord or skeletal muscles.
Often a sequela of some type of immunosuppression

22
Q

How does neurologic toxoplasmosis present?

A

Often as neurologic and ocular signs in the absence of systemic signs

23
Q

Treatment for toxoplasmosis:

A

Clindamycin
TMS & Folic acid

24
Q

Where is cryptococcus typically found?

A

soil and pigeon feces

25
Q

Clinical signs of cryptococcus?

A

Lethargy
Behavioral changes
gait abnormalities
vestibular signs
seizures

26
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for cryptococcus?

A

Serology, CSF, Fungal culture (Gold standard but if you wait for results the cat will be dead)

27
Q

Treatment options for Cryptococcus?

A

Fluconazole
Prednisolone
Combo tx: amphotericin B & flucytosine (remember its amphoTERRIBLE for the kidneys)

28
Q

What situations cause Panleuk to cause cerebellar hypoplasia?

A

In utero infection
Perinatal infection or vaccination of queen with live vax.

29
Q

Your client wants to euthanize their kitten with cerebellar hypoplasia what do you say?

A

No its literally fine they adapt so well because they are babies and it will just have a cute little quirk <3

30
Q

What do you see with feline ischemic encephalopathy

A

Typically acute blindess
Good PLR (central blindness)
Also depression, circling

31
Q

What causes feline ischemic encephalopathy?

A

Cuterebra spp. migration

32
Q

Characteristics of Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy:

A

Acute onset of signs
Most common in July-September (Aug most)

33
Q

Treatment of Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy:

A

Ivermectin
Prednisolone once
Premed with diphenhydramine

34
Q

What is global cerebral ischemia?

A

When cat’s mouth is open too wide and the maxillary artery is compressed and wakes up from dental dead (not dead, but about to be. Blind, obtunded, seizing)

35
Q

What are the most common causes of cervical ventriflexion in cats?

A

Hypokalemia/ammonium chloride tox
Thiamine deficiency
Myasthenia gravis
Hyperthyroidism
Hepatic encephalopathy

36
Q

What are ways that cats can end up with a thiamine deficiency?

A

Not on a commercial diet
Consumption of raw fish that contains thiaminase
Cooked foods in which thiamin have been destroyed
Meats preserved with sulphite

37
Q

Clinical signs of thiamine deficiency:

A

vestibular signs, vision loss, mydriasis without PLR, ataxia, seizures

38
Q

Myasthenia gravis prognosis indicator in cats:

A

Is there a mediastinal mass

39
Q

Meningioma in cats:

A

Most common brain tumor and primary brain tumor
prognosis- BAD. might get 3-4 years if surgery but literally MST 18days if no sx

40
Q

Most common neoplasia of the spinal cord in cats?

A

Lymphosarcoma

41
Q

Presentation of feline neuro lymphosarc

A

Anything, lymphoma does what lymphoma wants
Often multicentric. look for lesions elsewhere

SA Ophtho/Neuro (7 decks)

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