1: ENT and paediatrics

Question 1

The frequency of a sound determines its ___.

The amplitude of a sound determines its ___.

Answer 1

pitch

volume

Question 2

What is the range of frequencies a human can hear?

Answer 2

20 - 20000 Hz

Question 3

The external ear is shaped to receive what?

Answer 3

Sound

Question 4

The internal ear chamber is full of (fluid / air).

Answer 4

air

Question 5

The middle ear does what to sound?

Answer 5

Amplifies it

around 20x

Question 6

The inner ear converts sound energy to what?

Answer 6

Electrical energy

i.e impulses

Question 7

Which structure receives sound and converts it to nerve impulses?

Answer 7

Cochlea

Question 8

By which nerve do nerve impulses travel from the cochlea to the brain?

Answer 8

Vestibulocochlear nerve

CN VIII

Question 9

Which part of the brain receives nerve impulses from the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Where exactly in the brain is this part found?

Answer 9

Cochlear nucleus

Brainstem

Question 10

Which specific part of the brain processes info from the ear?

Answer 10

Primary auditory cortex

Question 11

At which point can a foetus hear?

Answer 11

18 weeks

Question 12

At which point can a foetus respond to noise?

Answer 12

26 weeks

Question 13

At birth, some infants will have what?

Answer 13

Hearing loss

of varying severity

Question 14

What proportion of infants will have bilateral hearing loss at birth?

Answer 14

1 : 1000

Question 15

At what age do babies start making noise?

Answer 15

3 months

Question 16

At what age do children start babbling?

Answer 16

6 months

Question 17

Between 12 and 24 months, how do children learn to speak?

Answer 17

Focus on syllables and delete the rest

Cut syllables which are too hard

Substitute hard sounds with easier ones

Use single words to describe things

Question 18

At which age do children start to talk?

Answer 18

18 months

Question 19

At which age are children more capable of talking by using two word phrases and using more words?

Answer 19

24 months

Question 20

What are some causes of developmental delay in language skills?

Answer 20

Hearing problems

ADHD

Autism spectrum disorders

Specific language disorders (e.g verbal dyspraxia)

Global developmental delay e.g Down syndrome

Question 21

What is a SALT?

Answer 21

Speech and language assessment

Question 22

What proportion of babies are born with profound hearing loss?

Answer 22

1 : 1000

Question 23

How can profound hearing loss be caused in the womb?

Answer 23

Genetics

Acquired - maternal infection, trauma

Question 24

How is hearing loss detected in newborns?

Answer 24

Screening

Question 25

Which type of cells are missing from the cochlea in children who may have profound hearing loss?

Answer 25

**Outer hair cells**

Question 26

What is used to allow children with hearing loss to pick up sound and develop speech?

Answer 26

**Cochlear implantation**

Question 27

What is the most common type of profound congenital hearing loss?

Answer 27

**Non-syndromic hearing loss**

Question 28

What causes non-syndromic hearing loss?

Answer 28

**Genetic mutations**