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More Exchange and Transport Systems - Biology - A -level > 1. Digestion > Flashcards

1. Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the problem with large biological molecules ?

A

Eg starch/ proteins

Too big t cross cell membrane.

Can’t be absorbed from the gut into blood

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2
Q

What happens to these large molecules ?

A

Broken down into smaller molecules (glucose/ amino acids) which are capable of moving across membranes.

They can easily absorb into gut in blood to be transported around body for use in body cells

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3
Q

HOW are these large molecules broken down ?

A

As they’re polymers they can be broken down into smaller molecules ( monomers) using hydrolysis reaction.

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4
Q

Hydrolysis of carbohydrates

A

Disaccharides and monosaccharides

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5
Q

Hydrolysis of fats

A

Fatty acids and monoglycetides

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6
Q

Hydrolysis of proteins

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

Function of digestive enzymes

A

Used to break down biological molecules in food.

Produced by specialised cells in digestive system.

Released in gut to mix with food. Thank

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8
Q

Why are digestive enzymes significant?

A

Different enzymes needed to catalyse breakdown of different food molecules

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9
Q

Function of amylase

A

Catalyses breakdown of starch.

It hydrolysis the glycosidic bonds in starch to produce maltose (disaccharide)

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10
Q

Enzyme > polysaccharide > disaccharide

Amylase

A

Amylase > starch > maltose

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11
Q

What is starch ?

A

Mixture of 2 polysaccharide chains

Each long chains of alpha glucose molecules

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12
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Salivary glands
Released into mouth

Pancreas
Released into small intestine

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13
Q

What are membrane bound disaccharidases?

A

Enzymes

Attached to cell membrane of epithelial cells linking ileum

Help breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides

This involves hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

Sucrase

A

Membrane bound disaccharidase

Catalyses breakdown of sucrose into the monosaccharides glucose fructose

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15
Q

Maltase

A

Membrane bound disaccharidase

Catalyses breakdown of maltose into monosaccharides glucose and glucose

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16
Q

Lactase

A

Membrane bound disaccharidase

Catalyses breakdown of lactose into monosaccharides glucose and galactose

17
Q

How to the monosaccharides transport across epithelial cell membrane ?

A

Via specific transporter proteins

18
Q

What bonds to carbohydrates break ?

A

Glycosidic

19
Q

Function of lipase enzymes

A

Catalyse breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Hydrolysis of water bond in lipids

20
Q

Where are lipases produced?

A

Pancreas

Released into small intestine where they act.

21
Q

Structure of monoglycetide molecule

A

Glycerol molecule

1 fatty acid attached

22
Q

Where are bile salts produced ?

A

Liver

23
Q

Function of bile salts

A

They emulsify lipids

Cause the lipids to form small droplets.

Several small droplets have a bigger surface area than a single large droplet (same volume)

This greatly increases surface area of lipid for lipase to work on

24
Q

What bonds are hydrolysed in breakdown of lipids?

A

Ester

25
Q

Once the lipid has been broken down by the lipase, monoglycerides and fatty acids stick with the bile salts, what structures form ?

A

Tiny structures
Micelles

These help with products of lipid digestion to be absorbed

26
Q

Peptidases are also called

A

Proteases

27
Q

What are proteins broken down into ?

A

Combination of different peptidases.

Endopeptidases
Exopeptidases

Catalyse hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids breaking the peptide bonds between amino acid

28
Q

Function of endopeptidases

A

Hydrolysis peptide bonds within protein

29
Q

How to remember what endopeptidases do

A

enDopeptidases

break bonds insiDe the proteins

30
Q

Example of endopeptidases

A

Pepsin

Released in stomach
Works in acidic conditions - hydrochloric acid

31
Q

Function of exopeptidases

A

Hydrolysise peptide bonds at the end of protein molecules

Remove single amino acids

32
Q

What are dipeptidases?

A

Exopeptidases that work specially on dipeptides

Separate 2 amino acids that make up the dipeptide by hydrolysing peptide bonds.

Located on cell surface membrane of epithelial cells in small intestine

More Exchange and Transport Systems - Biology - A -level (13 decks)

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