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History - Chairman Mao > 1 - Civil War > Flashcards

1 - Civil War Flashcards

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0
Q

How many people were under Communist control?

A

90 million

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1
Q

How many troops did the Communists have at the start?

A

320,000

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2
Q

What changes did Mao bring in?

A

Land reform, new government, educational health committees

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3
Q

How many troops did the nationalists have at the start of the war?

A

2.8 million

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4
Q

What were GMD problems?

A

Chiang a weak leader, poor tactics, poorly disciplined troops, desertion, factions, alliance with USA made them look weak

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5
Q

How many rules for discipline and points for attention did Mao have since 1928?

A

3 rules for discipline, 8 points for attention

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6
Q

How many landlords are expected to have been attacked during the reign of terror and land reforms?

A

16 million

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7
Q

How many troops did the Communists have by 1948?

A

1.56 million

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8
Q

What mistakes did Chiang make in Manchuria?

A

Sent troops before North had been secured, not enough men, not enough supplies

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9
Q

Where did the Communists gain experience of managing a city?

A

Harbin

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10
Q

How much had prices risen by 1946?

A

1000%

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11
Q

When did Chiang attempt to resolve economic issues?

A

Summer 1948

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12
Q

What change came into place to do with currency?

A

Gold Yuan rationing

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13
Q

How much aid did the USA provide?

A

3billion

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14
Q

How many military training camps did the USSR make to aid Communists?

A

16

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15
Q

How long did the ceasefire last?

A

4 months, initially meant to ask 2 weeks

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16
Q

Where was the Communist base area?

A

Yanan

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17
Q

When did the Civil War begin?

A

1946

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18
Q

When did the Red Army move into Manchuria?

A

8th August 1945

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19
Q

When did Marshall agree a ceasefire?

A

Jan 1946

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20
Q

Why did the ceasefire fail and when did Marshall go home?

A

GMD tried to alter terms of contract to be autocratic rulers, other parties withdrew support - Marshall home in Jan 1947

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21
Q

Where was the ‘corridor’ the GMD occupied?

A

Manchuria - from Jinzhou to Changchun

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22
Q

Why did the communists lose Yan’an early in the Civil War?

A

Because Lin Biao had already moved the Eighth Route Army northwards towards Manchuria

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23
Q

How many troops did Chiang commit to capturing Manchuria?

A

500,000

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24
Q

When did the Communists have a strong enough hold of Manchuria to go on the offensive?

A

Spring 1947

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25
Q

When did the communists first use conventional warfare and what happened?

A

May 1947 - inefficient without airforce. However still inflicted serious damage on GMD

26
Q

When did the PLA finally turn to conventional warfare successfully?

A

1948

27
Q

When was Luoyang, along the Yellow River captured?

A

April 1948

28
Q

When was Kaifeng captured?

A

June 1948

29
Q

When was Jinan captured?

A

September 1948

30
Q

When was the railway junction at Jinzhou captured?

A

15 October 1947

31
Q

When were Changchun and Shenyang captured?

A

C- October

S- 2nd November

32
Q

What were impacts for GMD of losing the battle over Manchuria?

A

400,000 troops lost, damage to moral incalculable

33
Q

What were the two offensives launched after victory in Manchuria?

A

Against Beijing and against Xuzhou

34
Q

How long did the battle at Xuzhou last?

A

65 days

35
Q

How many troops were committed to each side at Xuzhou?

A

600,000

36
Q

What happened in the offence against Beijing?

A

PLA moved to Tianjin to the south of Beijing, cutting it off in Jan 1949. Beijing was captured on 31 Jan 1949 with little resistance

37
Q

What happened in spring 1949?

A

Lull in fighting. PLA rested troops while consolidating power in north. Communist led government set up in northern China

38
Q

When was Nanjing captured?

A

23 April 1949

39
Q

When was Shanghai captured?

A

Late May

40
Q

Where did Dehuai’s forces attack in May and what was the result?

A

Xi’an and Lanzhou, both captured in August 1949

41
Q

Where did Lin Biao’s forces attack and what was the result?

A

Guangzhou, captured October and Guingzhou and Chonqing, captured in November

42
Q

How many artillery pieces did the GMD have in 1945?

A

6,000

43
Q

How many artillery pieces did the Communists have in 1945?

A

600

44
Q

What did Stilwell call Chiang?

A

“A grasping, bigoted, ungrateful little rattlesnake”

45
Q

What were military strengths and weaknesses of the GMD?

A

Strengths: larger, better equipped army
Weaknesses: poorly trained, lacked moral and discipline

46
Q

What were territorial strengths and weaknesses of the GMD?

A

Strengths: controlled the majority of land, most of the main cities, the rail and water ways
Weaknesses: Warlords wanted to reclaim their regions

47
Q

What were strengths and weaknesses in foreign support of GMD?

A

Strengths: Americans supplied arms and offered transport
Weaknesses: people thought foreign aids went against nationalism

48
Q

What were strengths and weaknesses of GMD popular support?

A

Strengths: Nationalism, democracy and livelihoods were liked
Weaknesses: failed to deliver promises, assassinations, torture and executions

49
Q

What did Mao say about the PLA and the people?

A

‘The army and the people are one’

50
Q

When was land reform introduced in Yan’an?

A

1930s

51
Q

What happened to land reforms in 1945?

A

Became more cautious, taxes introduced

52
Q

When did land reforms return?

A

1946

53
Q

Why did Mao have to limit land reform?

A

As rallies became violent

54
Q

How many troops and artillery pieces did the CPC have in June 1948?

A

1.5million troops and 22.8k artillery peices

55
Q

How many troops and artillery pieces did the GMD have in June 1948?

A

2.2million troops and 21,000 artillery pieces

56
Q

When and where did Mao establish himself as undisputed CPC leader?

A

Yan’an in 1945

57
Q

How did foreign support aid Mao?

A

Red Army in Manchuria from Aug 1945 to May 1946, trained PLA in USSR or in 16 new bases, America helped indirectly through organising ceasefire

58
Q

What were military reasons for GMD loss?

A

Troops lacked morale and discipline, poorly trained, conscripted, no incentives, known for brutality

59
Q

What were political reasons for GMD loss?

A

Officials abused power, bribery and extortion. Tax never reached government, led to debt

60
Q

What were economic reasons for GMD loss?

A

May 1946 inflation 1000%, 1949 inflation 10000%, demand for higher wages drove prices up, GMD economy collapsed in 1948

61
Q

Why did GMD fail due to leadership?

A

Chiang tried to control everyone, even though his decisions were impractical and contradictory

62
Q

What mistake did Mao make in November 1945?

A

Overruled Liu Shaoqi and ordered PLA to defend pass between China and Manchuria - which they hadn’t been trained for. Ended up overran by GMD forces and reverted to Shaoqi’s original plan

History - Chairman Mao (9 decks)

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