1: Cellular Adaptations

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

cells DECREASE in size

• cell # same
• reduce tissue mass for energy efficiency
  ie: disuse, malnutrition

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

cells INCREASE in size
- cell # same
- INCREASE tissue mass
can be compensatory response 
ie: excercise, cardiomegaly

Question 3

Hyperplasia

Answer 3

INCREASE # of cells

• enlarged tissue mass
• can occur in conjunction of hypertrophy
• may be increased risk of cancer

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

Mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type

• change cell type = lose original benefits
• 1 fully differentiated/fully functional cell type to another
• usually due to chronic stress/stimuli
  
  • current cell type cannot stand current enviro -> replace with different type (but with trade offs)

Question 5

Dysplasisa

Answer 5

Cells vary in size & shape within a tissue

• increased mitosis
• could indicate precancerous stage

Question 6

Anaplasia (malignant)

Answer 6

Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear, cell structures, mitotic figures

• unidentifiable
• less control/regulation -> more aggressive
• monitored via grading & staging

Question 7

Neoplasia

Answer 7

new growth (tumour)

• cells vary in size & shape
• no longer maintained in structure organization (goes past basement membrane)

Question 8

Benign tumour

Answer 8

enclosed by capsule

- no spread to other parts

Question 9

Malignant tumour

Answer 9

cancerous spread

Question 10

Grading

Answer 10

histological or cellular characteristics of cancer

- GX-G4 (most severe)

Question 11

Staging

Answer 11

classifying cancer based on spread of disease

- tumour, nodes, metastisis