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Immunology > 1. Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

1. Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells are involved in community?

A

Leucocytes, endothelial cells, adipocytes and epithelial cells

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2
Q

What is the typical lineage of immune cells?

A

Start as self renewing stem cells, differentiate into pluripotent stem cells influenced by growth factors, and become progenitor cells

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3
Q

What are the progenitor cells for leucocytes?

A

Myeloid cells (derive from bone marrow) and lymphoid cells (derive from the lymphatic system)

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4
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

An immediate response to pathogens, prioritises recovery and clearing pathogens from the body, mainly involves phagocytes and RBCs

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5
Q

What is the adaptive immune response?

A

Takes longer to develop, Focuses on memorisation of antigens and antibodies, mainly involves lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Single cells that can replicate itself and/or differentiate into a variety of cell types

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7
Q

What specific cells can be derived from the myeloid lineage?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils) monocytes and macrophages (to some extent dendritic cells)

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8
Q

What are two growth factors and hormones that Determine which lineages the progenitor cells develop into?

A

Cytokines or interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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9
Q

What specific cells can be derived from the lymphoid lineage?

A

Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells), natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells and natural killer T cells (to some extent dendritic cells)

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10
Q

What is the connection between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are present in the blood and bone marrow but become macrophages when in the tissues

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11
Q

Which cell of the immune system has an unknown lineage or developmental stage?

A

Mast cells

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12
Q

What are two growth factors and hormones that determine which lineage stem cells develop into the bone marrow?

A

Cytokines or interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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13
Q

Where do blood cells in the bone marrow migrate into in order to differentiate further and act?

A

Tissues (lymphocytes, granulocytes, mast cells, macrophages), blood (monocytes, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, platelets), secondary lymphoid tissues (macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes), thymus (T cells)

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14
Q

Where does cell generation occur in developing foetuses? Why?

A

Liver – bone marrow is not large enough to support the amount of generation

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15
Q

What are the cell-surface markers for T cells? What isn’t present?

A

CD3. No CD19, CD21 or CD14

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16
Q

What are the cell-surface markers for B cells? What isn’t present?

A

CD19 and CD21. No CD3 or CD14

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17
Q

What are the cell-surface markers for monocytes? What isn’t present?

A

CD 14 (and 15). No CD3, CD19 or CD21

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18
Q

What is the CD system?

A

The cluster of differentiation system is a strict nomenclature for how to describe the specific surface markers to identify cells

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19
Q

What are polymorph cells?

A

Polymorphonuclear cells have a nucleus of many shapes

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20
Q

What is the precursor of platelets cells?

A

Megakaryocytes

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21
Q

What is the major component of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes — 60-70%

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22
Q

What do polymorphs include?

A

Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils (granulocytes)

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23
Q

What is the major component of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils — 90%

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24
Q

Why are neutrophils given their name?

A

They contain neutral (pink) staining cytoplasmic granules that secrete enzymes such as lysozyme and neutrophil extracellular traps

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25
Q

What do neutrophils protect the body against?

A

They kill bacteria via phagocytosis. It is the most important cell in non-viral infections

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26
Q

Why are eosinophils given their name?

A

Contain granules that stain red with eosin As well as a crystalline core of eosinophil basic protein with cytotoxic properties

27
Q

What do eosinophils protect the body against?

A

Parasites. Most important cell for helminth (worm) infections

28
Q

Why are basophils given their name?

A

Contain basic granules that stain deep purple

29
Q

What do basophils protect the body against?

A

Allergic reaction – promote information and do not phagocytose

30
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Circulate in the bloods as immature cells. Found in connective and mucosal tissues as mast cells (sentinel cells that exist and wait for when they are needed)

31
Q

What do mast cells protect the body against?

A

Important an allergy – release activating factors such as histamine and have IgE receptors

32
Q

What are the structural differences between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes ammonia nuclear and kidney bean shaped. Macrophages are up to 10 times larger

33
Q

What are some microbicidal mechanisms of monocytes and macrophages?

A

Secrete growth factors, chemicals, enzymes and activation factors to recognise and engulf pathogen is as well as present it’s antigens on their own cell surface

34
Q

What are the major two subgroups of monocytes and macrophages?

A

M1 and M2

35
Q

Type of macrophage in the liver

A

Kupffer cells

36
Q

Type of macrophage in connective tissue

A

Histiocytes

37
Q

Type of macrophage in the lungs

A

Alveolar macrophages

38
Q

Type of macrophage in the kidneys

A

Mesangial cells

39
Q

Type of macrophage in the brain

A

Microglial cells

40
Q

Type of macrophage in the bona

A

Osteoclasts

41
Q

Explain the mechanism of dendritic cells

A

When immature dendritic cells capture antigens and migrate to lymphoid tissue where they mature and present these antigens to T cells

42
Q

Subtypes of dendritic cells

A

Langerhan cells on skin, interdigitating and plasmacytoid

43
Q

Polyploidy meaning

A

Carrie several different copies of their genetic material in order to replicate quickly

44
Q

Describe platelets

A

Anucleated, contractile, adhere to other cells and surfaces and important in blood coagulation

45
Q

What occurs after antigen stimulation in lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

Cells can differentiate into affect the cells or memory cells – vaccines are based on this principle

46
Q

What is tolerisation /education?

A

Lymphocytes are taught to not recognise an act on self molecules. This occurs in the bone marrow for B cells and the thymus for T cells

47
Q

Plasma cells

A

Activated be lymphocytes that secrete antibodies

48
Q

Sub-groups of T cells and their surface markers

A

Helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic (CD8+)

49
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activated by antigen presenting cells. Secrete cytokines to help immune responses by cell communication or become memory cells

50
Q

In which organelle are antibodies manufactured within the cell?

A

The ER

51
Q

Cytotoxic at cells

A

Kill infected targets or tumour cells By releasing perforans and Gran zymes to induce apoptosis or become memory cells

52
Q

Perforins

A

Punch holes in infected cells to destroy them

53
Q

Granzymes

A

Induce apoptosis

54
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Affects the immune response by suppressing or activating it through direct cell contact or by the secretion of soluble factors

55
Q

Natural regulatory T cells

A

T cells from the thymus. Destined

56
Q

Inducible regulatory at cells

A

T cells in the periphery. Activated

57
Q

Gamma-delta T cells

A

Strange T cells. T-cell receptor of a gamma and Delta chain rather than alpha and beta chain and contains CD8 and CD4 surface markers. Recognises lipid antigen is highly prevalent in the mucosal tissues

58
Q

What is the TCR usually composed of?

A

Alpha and beta chain

59
Q

Large granular lymphocytes

A

Similar to lymphocytes but are larger and have a granular cytoplasm. Kill certain tumour and viral infected cells and have helper functions in skin and mucosal surfaces

60
Q

What are the two main groups of an innate lymphoid cells?

A

Natural killer T cells and natural killer/innate lymphoid cells

61
Q

Natural killer T cells

A

Kill target cells similarly to cytotoxic T cells and make growth factors and signalling molecules similar to helper T cells. Have T cell receptors and CD3 markers but no CD4 or CD8 markers

62
Q

What are targets for NKT cells?

A

Tumour cells, virally infected cells, bacteria infected cells

63
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Recognise self and a non-self structures that activate or suppress their activity including growth factors and antibodies. Do not have a TCR

64
Q

Innate lymphoid cells

A

Secrete cytokines similarly to helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Mainly active innate immune responses. Do not have a TCR or CD3, 4 or 8 markers

Immunology (9 decks)

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