1 - Cells and Tissues -pages 29 to 43 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the key organelles found in body cells

A

Nucleus & Nucleolus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoskeleton

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2
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

A round structure that contains the bodys genetic information (DNA)

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3
Q

Which body cells do not have a nucleus

A

Red blood cells

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4
Q

Why are red blood cells non nucleated?

A

To maximise the space to carry oxygen in the blood

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5
Q

Which organelle is the brain of the cell?

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

What other organelle does the nucleus contain and what does it produce?

A

Nucleolus which produces ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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7
Q

What surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm?

A

A double layered nuclear membrane

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8
Q

What does the nuclear membrane contain that allows substances to move in and out of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pores

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9
Q

What other organelle is the nuclear membrane continuous with?

A

Rough Endo plasmic reticulum

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10
Q

What is a Chromosome and where is it found?

A

Found in the Nucleus of cells
Thread like structures carrying genetic information (genes)

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11
Q

How many chromosomes are in each cell of the body?

A

46 or 23 pairs
Except sex cells

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12
Q

Normal body cells are called?

A

Somatic cells

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13
Q

Sex cells are called?

A

Gametes

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14
Q

What are the hereditary units called arranged along chromosomes?

A

Genes

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15
Q

What are Chromosomes formed from

A

Coiled DNA

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16
Q

What do the 23rd pair of chromosomes do?

A

Dtermines inheriteance of sex

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17
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for males?

A

XY

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18
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for females?

A

XX

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19
Q

What shape does DNA form?

A

A double helix

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20
Q

Name the proteins the double helix coils around

A

Histones

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21
Q

Name the mass of string like fibres DNA is organised into

A

Chromatin

22
Q

Before cellular division Chromatin condenses into 46 individual molecules called..

A
23
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sub section of DNA that acts as an instruction to make proteins.

24
Q

What information does a gene hold?

A

To build and maintain cells
To pass genetic traits

25
Q

How many proteins does one gene code produce?

A

one

26
Q

Are all genes switched on?

A

No. Only certain genes are switched on depending on the cells job.

27
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein filaments which extends through the cytosol

28
Q

What does the cytoskeleton protein filaments assis in?

A

Generate cell movement
Physical support and determines cell shape
Cell division - moves chromosomes apart

29
Q

Describe Mitochondria

A

Bean Shaped
2nd largest organelle

30
Q

What is the function of Mitochondria?

A

The cell powerhouses generating ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate)
The energy currency of the body.

31
Q

Where are Mitochondria typically located?

A

Near where oxygen enters cells
(towards outside)

32
Q

Name the structures inside of Mitochondria

A

double layered membrane with a series of folds called ‘CRISTAE’

33
Q

What is the function of Cristae

A

Produces a vast surface area for reactions.

34
Q

Which type of cells are thought to contain the most Mitochondria?

A

Heart and muscle cells
(use ATP for contraction)

35
Q

What is the process called in which Mitochondria produce ATP

A

Aerobic Respiration

36
Q

What is the function of a Ribosome

A

They act as the site of protein synthesis

37
Q

What does the name ‘Ribosome’ reflect?

A

The high content of RIBONUCLEIC acid (RNA)

38
Q

Name the two forms of Ribosomes and where they are found?

A

Mobile - in cytoplasm
Stationary - bound to rough ER

39
Q

Where do Ribosomes make protein for?

A

Mobile Ribosomes - for inside cell
Bound to ER - for outside cell

40
Q

Describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs

41
Q

What can be found on the outer surface of the Rough ER

A

Ribosomes

42
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER

A

Synthesises and transports proteins

43
Q

What is the function of the smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Synthesises Lipids and Steriod hormones
eg: Testosterone
Cortisol
Oestrogen

44
Q

What function in the liver do the enzymes of the smooth ER perform?

A

Detoxify Alcohol and Drugs

45
Q

What function on muscle cells does the Smooth ER perform

A

Stores calcium and releases it for muscle contraction

46
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifies, sorts, packages and transports proteins received from the Rough ER

47
Q

What does the Golgi look like?

A

Flattened membranous sacs

48
Q

How do the proteins leave the Golgi apparatus

A

They bud off in transport vesicles.

49
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

Vesicles that perform a key role in CELL DIGESTION

50
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

As many as 60 powerful enzymes - to break down a variety of molecules.

51
Q

What is the function of a Lysosome?

A

to recycle worn out organelles
to digest foreign cells
to release enzymes
(eg with sperm to assist egg entry)