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OD2 BV & Paediatrics > 1. BV 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

1. BV 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the trade offs for having front facing eyes?

A

Smaller field of view but greater stereopsis.

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2
Q

What is required to achieve binocular vision?

  • sensory needs: ..., ..., and ...
  • motor needs: ..., ..., and ...
  • accommodation + vergence needs: ... and ...
A

What is required to achieve binocular vision?

  • sensory needs: overlapping corresponding points, cortical processing, and sensory input for vergence
  • motor needs: anatomy and physiology, EOM control-neural pathways, and vergence system
  • accommodation + vergence needs: accuracy and sustainability of these systems and efficient system
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3
Q

What are the optometrist’s three components of vision?

  1. Visual integrity: ..., ..., and ...
  2. Visual efficiency: ..., ..., ..., ..., and ...
  3. Visual information processing: ...
A

What are the optometrist’s three components of vision?

  1. Visual integrity: visual acuity, refractive error, and ocular health
  2. Visual efficiency: accommodation, convergence, oculo-motility, binocular vision, and effect of uncorrected refractive error
  3. Visual information processing: interpreting and integrating visual information
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4
Q

What are typical symptoms of binocular vision issues?

(15 points)

A
  • Headaches associated with near work
  • Blurred vision
  • Diplopia
  • Avoidance of near tasks
  • Inability to sustain near tasks
  • Difficulty concentrating on near tasks
  • Symptoms developing after prolonged near work
  • Eyestrain/fatigue during near work
  • Near/distance blur when changing fixation
  • Words moving/running
  • Blinking, tearing, redness
  • Squinting/rubbing during near work
  • Poor attention and concentration during near work
  • Loss of place/speed when reading
  • Poor reading comprehension
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5
Q

What are the tests for Binocularity?

Objective (3 points) and subjective (3 points)

A

Objective
* cover test
* Hirschberg
* oculo-motility
Subjective:
* stereopsis
* suppression
* visual acuity, difference

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6
Q

What is the difference between global and local stereopsis?

A

Local stereopsis is contour stereopsis; they do allow for monocular cues. Tend to overestimate stereoacuity.

Global stereopsis cannot be passed if there is a lack of binocularity. Should use randot in child pxs and pxs who you suspect there is a lack of binocularity.

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7
Q

What are the triggers for accommodation?

(4 points)

A
  • blur
  • proximal awareness
  • vergence movements
  • tonic awareness
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8
Q

What factors affect our amplitude of accommodation?

  • ...: ... > ... > ...
  • ...: ...
  • ...: ...
  • ...
  • ...
A

What factors affect our amplitude of accommodation?

  • ametropia: myopes > emmetropes > hyperopes
  • spectacle correction: hyperopes need to accommodate more through their glasses
  • luminance: accommodation response is reduced at low luminance
  • neurological deficit
  • accommodation-convergence dysfunction
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9
Q

What factors affect our tests of accommodation clinically?

(7 points)

A
  • Age
  • Ocular conditions
  • Systemic conditions
  • Medications
  • Lighting levels
  • Tests used/testing conditions
  • Patient engagement/cognition
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10
Q

What are the clinical tests for accommodation?

Accommodative posture: ...
Accommodative range/amplitude: ...
Accommodative facility: ...

A

What are the clinical tests for accommodation?

Accommodative posture: MEM
Accommodative range/amplitude: NPA
Accommodative facility: +- flippers

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11
Q

What factors affect vergence?

Anatomical factors: ... and ...
Neurological factors: ...
General factors: ..., ..., ..., ..., and ...

A

Anatomical factors: size/shape of globe and position of EOM insertion
Neurological factors: lesions to CNIII, CNIV, and CNVI
General factors: fatigue, alcohol, tobacco, medication, and prism in glasses

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12
Q

What are the clinical tests for vergence?

Vergence posture: ... and ...
Vergence amplitude: ...
Vergence facility: ...
Decompensated deviations: .../...

A

What are the clinical tests for vergence?

Vergence posture: cover test and phoria
Vergence amplitude: PRC and NRC
Vergence facility: prism flippers
Decompensated deviations: Hirschberg/Krimsky

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13
Q

What are the clinical tests for accommodation-vergence?

Maintaining alignment and focus: ...
Effect of accommodation on vergence posture: ...
Binocular accommodation range: ...

A

What are the clinical tests for accommodation-vergence?

Maintaining alignment and focus: NPC
Effect of accommodation on vergence posture: AC/A
Binocular accommodation range: PRA and NRA

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14
Q

What are the expected norms for the following accommodation tests?

MEM: ... +- ...
Binocular X-cyl: ... +- ...
NPA: ..., generally ... or ...
Facility: ...

A

What are the expected norms for the following accommodation tests?

MEM: +0.50 +- 0.25 DS (lag)
Binocular X-cyl: +0.50 +- 0.50 DS (lag)
NPA: Donder's table, generally 18-1/3age +-2 D or 15-1/4age
Facility: 8cpm

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15
Q

What are the expected norms for the following vergence tests?

Vergence posture D: ... +- ...
Vergence posture N: ... +- ...
PRC D ...
PRC N ...
NRC D ...
NRC N ...

A

What are the expected norms for the following vergence tests?

Vergence posture D: 1exo +- 1prism
Vergence posture N: 3exo +- 3prism
PRC D 10/16/10
PRC N 10/16/10
NRC D -/6/4
NRC N 10/16/10

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16
Q

What are the expected norms for the following accommodation-vergence tests?

NPC adult: ...
NPC child: ...
NRA: ...
PRA: ...
AC/A: ... +- ...

A

What are the expected norms for the following accommodation-vergence tests?

NPC adult: >8cm
NPC child: >5cm
NRA: +2.50D
PRA: -2.50D
AC/A: 4 +- 2 prism/D

17
Q

What are the hallmarks of accommodative insufficiency?

(3 points)

A

High lag, low amplitude, poor facility.

18
Q

What are the hallmarks of accommodative excess?

(3 points)

A

Variable VA, no lag/lead, fails +ve facility

19
Q

What are the hallmarks of accommodative spasm?

(3 points)

A

Reduced VA, lead, fails +ve facility

20
Q

What are the hallmarks of ill-sustained accommodation?

(2 points)

A

Highly variable lag, slow facility

21
Q

What are the hallmarks of accommodative infacility?

(1 point)

A

Slow facility overall

22
Q

What are the hallmarks of convergence insufficiency?

(3 points)

A

N exo > D, reduced PRC, reduced BO facility

23
Q

What are the hallmarks of convergence excess?

(3 points)

A

N eso > D, reduced NRC, reduced BI facility

24
Q

What are the hallmarks of divergence insufficiency?

(3 points)

A

D eso > N, reduced NRC at distance, D blur/diplopia

25
Q

What are the hallmarks of divergence excess?

(2 points)

A

D exo > N, reduced PRC at distance

26
Q

What are the hallmarks of basic esophoria?

(1 point)

A

D = N esophoria

27
Q

What are the hallmarks of basic exophoria?

(1 point)

A

D = N exophoria

28
Q

What are the hallmarks of vergence infacility?

(1 point)

A

Reduced BI/BO facility

OD2 BV & Paediatrics (11 decks)

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