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British Civilization > 1. Brief summary of Victoria’s reign : Great Britain before the First World War (1901 – 1914) > Flashcards

1. Brief summary of Victoria’s reign : Great Britain before the First World War (1901 – 1914) Flashcards

1
Q

Queen Victoria’s reign

dates

A

1837-1901

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2
Q

Victoria became Queen of ………. at ….. and was the ………………….

A

Victoria became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland at 18 and was the last of the House of Hanover.

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3
Q

What is Victoria’s era’s name?

A

the Victorian Age

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4
Q

Her particular reign was a period of important ….., ………. and …………. change

A

Her particular reign was a period of important social, economic and technological change.

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5
Q

Britain had its ………. in the ……….. producing …………. and …………………. which was …………….. to its colony, ………….., and other colonies

A

It had its factories in the North producing sheep woollen and cotton cloth which was exported to its colony, India, and other colonies

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6
Q

By what did the Industrial Empire be supported during the 18th century?

(=> Breat Britain)

A

a very strong banking system

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7
Q

What was the name of Victoria’s husband and with what was he in charge of? Why?

A
  • 1851
  • Albert
  • in charge of organising the Great Exhibition in London
  • It was held to:
    - show the world the greatness of GB
    - provide a vitrine for the world’s most advanced inventions
    => manufacturers and works of art
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8
Q

The telegraph cable was laid in ……

(year)

A

The telegraph cable was laid in 1866

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9
Q

We could say GB was the……….. at this time. It also had …………………. which remained unchallenged from ……….. up until ……………

A

We could say GB was the world’s most powerful nation at this time. It also had supremacy at sea which remained unchallenged from 1836 up until 1911

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10
Q

Crimean war

dates

A

1854-1856

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11
Q

Victorians believed ……… was a necessary precondition of ……………….

A

Victorians believed peace was a necessary precondition of long term prosperity.

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12
Q

The Government remained deeply ……… for much of Victoria’s reign.

A

The Government remained deeply aristocratic for much of Victoria’s reign.

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13
Q

For the conservatives and the liberals, the key words were ………… and practically ………………..

A

For the conservatives and the liberals, the key words were low taxes and practically no state interference.

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14
Q

The conservatives and the liberals grew to accept the …………… need for …………. as well as the need of …………….. to allow the ……………….. to ……………….. and to ………………..

A

The conservatives and the liberals grew to accept the economic need for free trade as well as the need of social and political reforms to allow the middle class to grow richer and to expand.

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15
Q

Who were the 2 politicians dominating the 1860s?

A
  • Benjamin Disraeli, a conservative (PM)
  • William Gladstone, a liberal
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16
Q

Gladstone and Disraeli’s regular …………, whenever they met in ………….., were …………. and they continued until …………….. in …………….

A

Gladstone and Disraeli’s regular disputes, whenever they met in Parliament, were heated debates and they continued until Disraeli’s defeat in 1880.

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17
Q

Much of what we know as the modern state in GB was built in the …………………..

A

Much of what we know as the modern state in GB was built in the 1860s and the 1870s.

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18
Q

Irish home rule

A
  • 1886
  • giving home rule to Ireland
  • Gladstone strongly believed in it
  • split the liberals
  • allowed the conservatives to dominate
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19
Q

The Queen was able to add to her titles “…………” in ………… and, in ……………., the Empire extended over ……….. of the Earth land surface.

A

The Queen was able to add to her titles “Empress of India” in 1876 and in 1901, the Empire extended over ⅕ of the Earth land surface.

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20
Q

Today, we associate the 19th century with the ……………………

A

Today, we associate the 19th century with the protestant work ethic.

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21
Q

Margaret Thatcher

A
  • PM in the 70s-80s
  • championed the Victorian’s work ethic.
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22
Q

Although the UK was like the world superpower at that time, …….. and …………… had already silently begun to ………………………………….

A

Although the UK was like the world superpower at that time, Germany and the US had already silently begun to surpass its industrial capacity.

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23
Q

Death of Victoria

A
  • 63 years as Queen,
  • January 22nd of 1901
  • 81yo
  • succeeded by her eldest son Edward VII
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24
Q

Dark side of the Victoran age

A
  • GB had a lot of poverty and misery
  • Half the population didn’t have the right to vote
  • US and Germany were gaining ground rapidly and had begun to surpass GB industrial capacity.
  • Germany was building its naval strength: British feared it
  • Working class wanted better conditions, social reforms and political representation.
  • Lots of pressure on the Gvt to make reforms
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25
Arthur Balfour
- PM from 1902 to 1905 - resigned
26
signing of the "entente cordiale"
1904
27
The late 19th century witnessed the rise of .....................................
The late 19th century witnessed the rise of **social movements fighting for the rights of the working class**.
28
SDF
- Socialist democratic foundation - 1884 - wanted more rights for the working class
29
Some socialists were in favour of ................... (...................) while others wanted just to ................................... (.......................). | give the name in parenthesis
Some socialists were in favour of **extreme actions** (**extremists**) while others wanted just to **convince the gvt that the workers needed more help** (**moderates**).
30
Fabian society
- moderates - society formed by the socialist intellectuals - wanted to influence the Government or to permeate it with their idea of reform - wrote articles and books to spread these ideas - George Shaw
31
George Shaw
- member of the Fabians - very famous playwright - wrote some of the most brilliant pamphlets, plays - incorporated his socialist ideals in his plays
32
The .................... had been extended to certain workers in .............. when ...................% of the .......................... were given the .................... and they became a .......................
The **right to vote** had been extended to certain workers in **1884** when **34**% of the **adult male population** were given the **right to vote** and they became a **political asset**.
33
Keir Hardie
- one of the **greatest voices of the workers ** - grew up in **extreme poverty**: had worked at the age of 10 in the Scottish coal mines - became a journalist then a **trade union leader** - **1892**: elected MP of the district West Ham in London - **1893**: formed the Independent Labour Party.
34
What was the goal of the Independent Labour Party?
"common ownership of the means of production"
35
LRC
-1900 - ILP joined forces with the SDF+Fabians+Trade Unions - **Labour Representation Committee** - 1st secretary: Ramsay Macdonald - not a proper party: no members, only organisations affiliated to it - aim: build a strong working class party in Parliament. - 1900: 2 of its candidates elected
36
Taff Vale railway company case
- 1901 - This company claimed money it had lost bcs of the railmen's union supporters' strike - they won the case - The union had to pay damages of 23 000 pounds to the railway company - key legal decision going against the unions - serious setback to all the unions: if the workers went on strike in the future, employees would be able to ruin them by claiming damages. - brought support for the LRC as many unions agreed to give it money, to financially support the LRC to get the law changed
37
Joseph Chamberlain
- **real conservative with imperialist ideas** - liberal before: had worked with Gladstone and was against home rules for Ireland => split in the liberal party. -** left the liberals and joined the conservatives** - became** colonial secretary** in the new gvt of 1895 - believed that the British Empire should be used to export goods. - 1903: pushed for **tariff reform** - conservative party divided on this question so he left Balfour’s Cabinet - **split in the conservative party**: gave the so-called dying liberal party a new breath of life
38
liberal government | dates
1905-1914
39
national efficiency
- if Britain was to remain the leading country in the world, it would have to take care of the well-being of its citizens - 1906: free medical examinations for school children. - Education act - workmen’s compensation act: employers would pay compensation when workers were injured on the job or if they contracted diseases at work. - Old Age Pension Act (1908) - National Insurance Act (1911): helped the unemployed
40
According to historians, it is thanks to ........ passed by .......... from ........... to .......... that, later, a true ................ was created (..................).
According to historians, it is thanks to **the social reforms** passed by **the liberals** from **1906** to **1914** that, later, a true **welfare system** was created (**1945**).
41
William Beveridge
- person responsible for linking the welfare reforms of the years 1905 to 1914 to the build of the welfare system - civil servant - analysed the causes of unemployment back in 1909 - Beveridge report (1942) - promised a welfare state - due to the Beveridge report, liberals won the General Election in 1945 and were able to introduce measures which established the welfare state in GB.
42
Dates of constitutionnal crisis
1909 and 1911
43
As early as ...., it became clear that ......... would not be easy, because of the .................. majority in the house of ..............
As early as **1908**, it became clear that **voting in the budget** would not be easy, because of the **conservative** majority in the house of **Lords**.
44
The main difficulty was that in those days, the house of ..... had a ..............
The main difficulty was that in those days, the house of **Lords** had a **right to veto**.
45
Date of Lloyd George’s people's budget rejection by the house of Lords
1909
46
The liberal passed a ............. according to which the house of lords would have ......................... They could not................. more than .................... They also wanted to reduce the duration of .................. from .... to ........ years.
The liberal passed a **parliament bill** according to which the house of lords would have **no right to reject or modify a money bill**. They could not **delay other bills** more than **3 times**. They also wanted to reduce the duration of **Parliament** from **7** to **5** years.
47
As the ................ majority in the house of Lords would never agree to the bill, the only solution was to .............., to ....................... in the house of Lords.
As the **conservative** majority in the house of Lords would never agree to the bill, the only solution was to **ask the king, Edward VII**, to **create enough liberal pears** in the house of Lords.
48
death of Edward VII
- May 1910 - succedded by his son, George V
49
Suffragette's movement's dates
1903-1914
50
Women were allowed to vote in many ......... elections but wanted the right to vote at ............ elections.
Women were allowed to vote in many **local** elections but wanted the right to vote at **national** elections.
51
Emmeline Pankhurst
- one of the most well known members - leader of those actions carried out by the women’s social and political union (WSPU) - often carried out militant actions - “shrieking sisters”
52
Emily Davidson
- suffragette martyr - to draw attention to the cause, died after throwing herself under the king horse during the derby of 1930.
53
The years ........ to ............ were marked with .............. between ............... and .....................
The years **1910** to **1940** were marked with **intense strike actions** between **employers** and **employees**.
54
Reason why most workers were disappointed with the Labour party
- thought that the Labour party was more interested in forging an alliance with the liberals than fighting for the rights of the workers - thought the Labour Party was not militant enough.
55
In ........, the influential ................ came together with the ........................ and the ................... to form a triple ...................
In **1914**, the influential **national union of railwaymen** came together with the **transport workers** and the **Miners’ union** to form a triple **alliance**.
56
The British Empire was ................. after the ............... of the .............. and .................. century but by .............., Britain was becoming ...................., and the size of the British empire meant that ........................ by other powers who also wanted to .................
The British Empire was **huge** after the **expansion** of the **XVIII** and **XIXe** century but by **1895**, Britain was becoming **isolated**, and the size of the British empire meant that **certain colonies were contested** by other powers who also wanted to **expand**.
57
Unification of the German Empire | give the date
1871
58
The situation was very ....... between ........... and .............. even though the ................., Wilhelm II, who was the ............ of ............ , in .............., came over to ................ for his ................... This was interpreted as an ....................... between the two countries but in actual fact it wasn’t. ............... wanted to expand its Empire and was trying to .................................., putting in danger the ...................... in the way that it would .....................
The situation was very **tense** between **England** and **Germany** even though the **German king**, Wilhelm II, who was the **nephew** of **Edward VII**, in **1910**, came over to **England** for his **uncle's funeral**. This was interpreted as an **amelioration in relation** between the two countries but in actual fact it wasn’t. **Germany** wanted to expand its Empire and was trying to **build a railway between Berlin and Baghdad**, putting in danger the** British route to India **in the way that it would **cut this route**.
59
triple alliance of Germany
Italia and Austria
60
Alliance with Britain
France and Russia
61
In ......., Germany tried to weaken the ............... position in ..................., but the .................. responded.
In **1906**, Germany tried to weaken the **French** position in **Morocco**, but the **British** responded.
62
Alliance between Britain and Russia | give the date
1907
63
naval agreement between France and Britain
- in order to limit the German expansion - 1912
64
first declaration of war
- JUNE 28, 1914 - archduke Franz Ferdinand, held to the throne of Austria-Hungria, was killed by a Serbian - Austria declared war on Serbia, which was supported by Russia
65
reaction to the first declaration of war
- Russia mobilised its armies - Germany declared war on Russia with whom Britain had an alliance - Germany invaded Belgium which was neutral and with whom, in 1839, Queen Victoria had passed a treaty - British declared war on Germany on August 4th on Germany
66
declaration of war by the British to Germany | give the date
August 4th 1914

British Civilization (9 decks)

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