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CPRS > 1. Breathing > Flashcards

1. Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What can be found at the level of sternal angle?

A
  • Division of superior and inferior mediastinum
  • Bifurcation of the trachea
  • Starting and ending point of the aortic arch
  • T4/T5 intervertebral disc
  • starting point of thoracic aorta
  • Ligamentum arteriosum
  • loop of left recurrent laryngeal nerve
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2
Q

What does the caval opening of the diaphragm contain?

A

Location: at the central tendon
- Inferior vena cava
- phrenic nerve

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3
Q

What does the oesophageal opening of the diaphragm contain?

A

Location: Muscular part of diaphragm
- Oesophagus
- Vagus nerve
- Branches of gastric vessels
- Lymphatics

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4
Q

What does the aortic opening of the diaphragm contain?

A

Location: Muscular part
- Aorta
- Azygos vein
- Thoracic duct (lymphatic drainage)

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5
Q

What is the blood supply of the diaphragm?

A

Abdominal aorta -> Inferior phrenic A/V
Internal thoracic artery -> Musculophrenic A/V

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6
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the visceral pleura?

A

Pulmonary plexus (T2-T5, vagus nerve CNX)

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7
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the parietal pleura?

A

Intercostal nerve
Exception: central diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleura
Innervated by phrenic nerve

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8
Q

What does hilum of lungs consist of?

A
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Pulmonary plexus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Bronchus
  • Bronchial arteries and veins
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9
Q

What is the artery, vein and nerve that runs anterior to the hilum of lungs?

A

Pericardiocophrenic A/V
Phrenic nerve

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10
Q

Where are the pulmonary artery, bronchus and pulmonary veins in the hilum?
(Left and right lung respectively)

A

Mnemonic: RALS
In right lung: pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus
In left lung: pulmonary artery is superior to the bronchus
Pulmonary veins are inferior to pulmonary artery and bronchus

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11
Q

5 lobes of the lung

A

Three Right Lobes (RUL, RML, RLL)
Two Left Lobes (LUL, LLL)

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12
Q

Where is the visceral pleura/lung in the mid-clavicular line and mid-axillary line?

A

MCL: 6th rib
MAL: 8th rib

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13
Q

Where is the parietal pleura in the mid-clavicular line and mid-axillary line?

A

MCL: 8th rib
MAL: 10th rib

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14
Q

Where is the visceral pleura/lungs and parietal pleura in posterior paravertebral line?

A

Visceral pleura/lungs: 10th rib
Parietal pleura: 12th rib

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15
Q

Where is posterior median line (PML) and posterior paravertebral line (PL)?

A

PML: Line that transects through the mid of vertebral column
PL: Line that is 1 inch lateral to PML

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16
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the lungs

A

Subpleural lymphatic plexus (superficial lymph nodes) -> pulmonary nodes -> bronchopulmonary nodes -> tracheobronchial nodes -> paratracheal nodes
-> thoracic duct (left)
-> right lymphatic duct (right)

-> brachialcephalic vein -> superior vena cava -> right atrium

17
Q

Parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

18
Q

How to differentiate between type 1 and 2 pneumocytes in microscopic view?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes are squamous epithelial cells while type 2 pneumocytes are cuboidal epithelial cells.
Presence of multilamellar bodies in type 2 pneumocytes but not in type 1.

19
Q

What are the parts of a typical rib?

A

Head, Body (tubercle, neck, costal groove, neck), Costal Cartilage

20
Q

What does the costal groove contain?

A

Intercostal vein, artery, nerve (VAN)

21
Q

Where are the articular facets in the ribs?

A

2 at the crest (head) - bodies of thoracic vertebraeJ , 1 at the tubercle - transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

22
Q

Physiological process of inspiration

A
  1. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
  2. Thorax expand
  3. Intrapleural decrease (subatmospheric)
  4. Incrrease transpulmonary pressure
  5. Lung Volume increase
  6. Alveolar pressure decrease (subatmospheric)
  7. Air is sucked in due to pressure difference
23
Q

What is intrapleural, alveolar and transpulmonary pressure?

A

Intrapleural: Pressure within pleural cavity
Alveolar: Pressure of air inside lung alveoli
Transpulmonary: Pressure difference between pleural space and alveloar space

24
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air leaking into pleural cavity
(Decrease negative intrapleural pressure, lung recoil inward, chest recoil outward - back to original position)

25
Q

What is elasticity? What is copliance?

A

Elasticity:
Compliance: Change in volume that occurs per unit change in the pressure of the system ( V / P) - how much something can stretch

26
Q

Determinants of elasticity of lung

A
  1. Presence of elastin
  2. Surface Tension - surfactant!
27
Q

Determinants of elasticity of chest-wall

A
28
Q

Factors affecting lung compliance

A
29
Q

Factors affecting chest-wall compliance

A
30
Q

What is the function of surfactant? Are there any consequences of its defiency?

A

Surfactant: Protein-carbohydrate-phospholipid complex, produced by Type II Cells
Function: Decrease surface tension
Deficiency: Stiff lung,

31
Q
A

123

CPRS (13 decks)

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