1 - Biochemistry

Question 1

What are atoms composed of?

Answer 1

Neutrons, Protons, Electrons

Question 2

A group of 2+ atoms joined by chemical bonds

Answer 2

Molecule

Question 3

What are the types of chemical bonds?

Answer 3

1. Ionic bonds
2. Covalent (Nonpolar/Polar) bonds
3. Hydrogen bonds

Question 4

What are the conditions for hydrogen bonds to form?

Answer 4

1. H covalently bonded to F, O, or N
2. H attracted to another F, O, or N

Question 5

What interactions are weak, temporary attractions due to uneven electron distributions?

Answer 5

Van der Waals Interactions

Question 6

What are the key properties of water?

Answer 6

• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• Solvent
• High Heat Capacity
• Density

Question 7

What term describes Adhesion + Cohesion that allows liquid to move against gravity (e.g., water transport in plants)?

Answer 7

Capillary Action

Question 8

What are the types of micromolecules?

Answer 8

1. Minerals
2. Vitamins

Question 9

What is the mnemonic for fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 9

“Fat Vitamins are DEKA”

Question 10

What process builds macromolecules?

Answer 10

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 11

What processes breaks macromolecules?

Answer 11

Hydrolysis

Question 12

What are they types of macromolecules?

Answer 12

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleotides

Question 13

What are the components of carbohydrates (e.g., Monomer/Polymer/Linkage)?

Answer 13

Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: Polysaccharide
Linkage Type: Glycosidic bonds

Question 14

What are the components of Lipids (e.g., Monomer/Polymer/Linkage)?

Answer 14

Monomer: Hydrocarbons
Polymer: Hydrocarbon Chains
Linkage Type: Covalent carbon-carbon bonds

Question 15

What are the components of Proteins (e.g., Monomer/Polymer/Linkage)?

Answer 15

Monomer: Amino Acid
Polymer: Peptide
Linkage Type: Peptide Bonds

Question 16

What are the components of nucleic acids (e.g., Monomer/Polymer/Linkage)?

Answer 16

Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
Linkage Type: Phosphodiester Bond

Question 17

What are the disaccharides and their components? What is the mnemonic for these disaccharides?

Answer 17

1. Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
2. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
3. Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

“Some Lions Mighty”

Question 18

What are 4 examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 18

1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin

Question 19

What is the function of starch?

Answer 19

Energy in PLANTS

Question 20

What is the function of glycogen?

Answer 20

Energy in ANIMALS

Question 21

What is the function of cellulose?

Answer 21

Structure in PLANTS

Question 22

What is the function of chitin?

Answer 22

Structure in fungi/arthropods

Question 23

What are the 4 main types of lipids?

Answer 23

1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
4. Porphyrins

Question 24

What is the structure of phospholipids?

Answer 24

Two fatty acids + phosphate group attached to glycerol backbone

Question 25

What role does cholesterol play in membrane regulation?

Answer 25

Cold: Prevents stiffness (with unsaturated fatty acids)
Hot: Maintains fluidity (with saturated fatty acids)

Question 26

What are the levels of protein structure?

Answer 26

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary

Question 27

What causes protein denaturation (5 Examples)?

Answer 27

1. Changes in Temperature
2. pH
3. Salt Concentration
4. UV Light
5. Chemical Exposure

Question 28

What are purines?

Answer 28

Double-ring (Adenine, Guanine)

Question 29

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 29

Single-ring (Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine)

Question 30

What is the mnemonic to remember purines and pyrimidines?

Answer 30

Purines: “Pure As Gold” (A,G)
Pyrimidines: “CUT the PYE” (C, U, T)

Question 31

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

Answer 31

Purines = Pyrimidines