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[OS 217] Oncology > [1] Basic Neoplasia > Flashcards

[1] Basic Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Father of Medicine

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Thought pathophysiology of cancer was due to the imbalance of the 4 humors

A

Galen

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3
Q

Came up with the Cellular Theory of Disease

A

Rudolf Virchow

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4
Q

6 Components of Malignancy

A
  1. Sustained ability to proliferate
  2. Ability to evade growth suppressing controls
  3. Ability to evade cellular death
  4. Capacity to unlimited replication and immortality
  5. Ability to produce their own blood supply
  6. Capacity to invade and metastasize
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5
Q

Function: Oncogenes

A

Promote cell proliferation through growth and division

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6
Q

Oncogenes cause cancer to manifest when they are “on” or “off”?

A

Activation of even just one gene in a pair will cause cancer to manifest

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7
Q

Oncogenes reside in the body as?

A

Proto-oncogenes

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8
Q

Bladder CA results from what gene mutation?

A

Point Mutation in the HRAS Gene (Protein: Glycine -> Valine)

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9
Q

Function: NF2 Gene

A

Contact inhibition

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10
Q

Function: LKB1 Gene

A

Epithelial polarity protein that enhances epithelial structure and maintains tissue integrity

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11
Q

Proto-oncogenes with a gain/loss of function would result in cancer?

A

Gain of Function

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12
Q

TS Genes with a gain/loss of function would result in cancer?

A

Loss of Function

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13
Q

Mutator Genes with a gain/loss of function would result in cancer?

A

Loss of Function

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14
Q

Function: p21

A

Inhibits cell cycle progression and permits DNA repair to take place

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15
Q

Function: p53

A

Proofreader of DNA

DNA damage would result in the halting of the cell cycle for repair or apoptosis in cases of severe DNA Damage

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16
Q

Mutations in what gene are the most common genetic alterations found in human cancer

A

p53 Gene

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17
Q

Anti-Apoptotic Genes (2)

A

BCL-2

BCL-xL

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18
Q

Pro-Apoptotic Genes (4)

A

BAX
BAD
BAK
BID

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19
Q

Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma evades cell death very effectively through this method

A

Overexpression of BCL-2 causing the absence of apoptotic signals

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20
Q

How do tumor cells proliferate using autophagy?

A

Condition induced by nutrient deficiency causing them to recycle their organelles allowing them to survive until a blood source comes in

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21
Q

How do tumor cells proliferate using necrosis?

A

Recruitment of inflammatory cells that may be tumor-promoting

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22
Q

Define: Hayflick Limit

A

Number of times a normal human cell will divide until cell division stops

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23
Q

DNA Sequence of a Telomere

A

TTAGGG

24
Q

What is a Telomerase

A

Ribonucleoprotein enzyme which preserves the itnegrity of telomeres

25
Q

Define: Nowell’s Hypothesis

A

Eventual mutations that will over time become a malignancy

26
Q

3 Major Features of Invasion

A
  1. Cell adhesion to basement membrane
  2. Local proteolysis of the membrane by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
  3. Movement of the cell through the rent in the membrane and the extracellular matrix
27
Q

2 pack a day smoking leads to how much increased risk of esophageal cancer

A

7-8x Risk

28
Q

What is the most carcinogenic substance produced by man

A

Tobacco

29
Q

Most notorious dust one can encounter

A

Asbestos

30
Q

Vinyl chloride is notorious for causing?

A

Angiosarcoma

31
Q

Carbon tetrachloride and benzene can cause what kind of cancer?

A

Leukemia

Lymphoma

32
Q

Define: Missense mutation

A

Formation of an abnormal protein that may be different than the one intended

33
Q

Define: Nonsense mutation

A

Point mutations that result in a premature “stop” sequence

34
Q

Are exons or introns noncoding regions?

A

Introns are noncoding regions that are removed before mature mRNA is complete

35
Q

A Philadelphia chromosome is a result of?

A

Translocation of abl from Chromosome 9 to the long arm of Chromosome 22

36
Q

The Her2 gene causes breast cancer in 30% of cases via what mechanism?

A

Gene Amplification

37
Q

Do tumor suppressor genes have a dominant or recessive type of activation?

A

Recessive, you would need to destroy both pairs to deactivate tumor suppression

38
Q

First Tumor Suppressor gene discovered

A

RB Gene

39
Q

This family of proteins are involved in DNA Repair

A

MSH Family

40
Q

Is apoptosis a Type 1 or Type 2 Cell Death?

A

Type 1

41
Q

Is autophagy a Type 1 or Type 2 Cell Death?

A

Type 2

42
Q

Function in Tumor Angiogenesis: Pericytes

A

Support and maintenance of tumor vasculature

43
Q

Hallmark of Malignant Cancer

A

Ability to invade and metastasize

44
Q

Two Processes of Metastasis before Clinically Detectable Disease

A
  1. E-cadherin Inactivation
    - Anchors cells and provide cell-cell adhesion. Inactivation means cells no longer need neighboring cells to survive and proliferate
  2. Elaboration of Proteases
    - Allows transportation of cells (Proteases break basement membranes)
45
Q

Cancer cells usually transition from what kind of cell to what kind of cell

A

Epithelial -> Mesenchymal Transition

46
Q

Most Malignant Type of Tumor Spread

A

Hematologic Invasion

47
Q

Tumor cells have this difference with normal cells when it comes to energy metabolism

A

Increased glycolysis and preference to using lactic acid energy instead of oxygen even when oxygen supply is adequate

48
Q

Number one cause of death and treatment failure in Oncology

A

Metastasis

49
Q

Shortest Phase of the Cell Cycle

A

M Phase

50
Q

Phase where DNA Replication Occurs

A

S Phase

51
Q

Protein that tells the cell it is okay to go from one phase to the next

A

Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CdKs)

52
Q

The G2/M Checkpoint is regulated by?

A

Cyclin B/cdc2

53
Q

Most important cell checkpoint during mitosis

A

G1/S Checkpoint

54
Q

S-phase will not continue unless this gene is stimulated

A

Rb Gene

55
Q

Rb gene is inhibited by? It is tightly controlled by?

A

Inhibited by Cdk4

Tightly controlled by p16

[OS 217] Oncology (6 decks)

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