[1] Basic Neoplasia

Question 1

Father of Medicine

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

Thought pathophysiology of cancer was due to the imbalance of the 4 humors

Answer 2

Galen

Question 3

Came up with the Cellular Theory of Disease

Answer 3

Rudolf Virchow

Question 4

6 Components of Malignancy

Answer 4

1. Sustained ability to proliferate
2. Ability to evade growth suppressing controls
3. Ability to evade cellular death
4. Capacity to unlimited replication and immortality
5. Ability to produce their own blood supply
6. Capacity to invade and metastasize

Question 5

Function: Oncogenes

Answer 5

Promote cell proliferation through growth and division

Question 6

Oncogenes cause cancer to manifest when they are “on” or “off”?

Answer 6

Activation of even just one gene in a pair will cause cancer to manifest

Question 7

Oncogenes reside in the body as?

Answer 7

Proto-oncogenes

Question 8

Bladder CA results from what gene mutation?

Answer 8

Point Mutation in the HRAS Gene (Protein: Glycine -> Valine)

Question 9

Function: NF2 Gene

Answer 9

Contact inhibition

Question 10

Function: LKB1 Gene

Answer 10

Epithelial polarity protein that enhances epithelial structure and maintains tissue integrity

Question 11

Proto-oncogenes with a gain/loss of function would result in cancer?

Answer 11

Gain of Function

Question 12

TS Genes with a gain/loss of function would result in cancer?

Answer 12

Loss of Function

Question 13

Mutator Genes with a gain/loss of function would result in cancer?

Answer 13

Loss of Function

Question 14

Function: p21

Answer 14

Inhibits cell cycle progression and permits DNA repair to take place

Question 15

Function: p53

Answer 15

Proofreader of DNA

DNA damage would result in the halting of the cell cycle for repair or apoptosis in cases of severe DNA Damage

Question 16

Mutations in what gene are the most common genetic alterations found in human cancer

Answer 16

p53 Gene

Question 17

Anti-Apoptotic Genes (2)

Answer 17

BCL-2

BCL-xL

Question 18

Pro-Apoptotic Genes (4)

Answer 18

BAX
BAD
BAK
BID

Question 19

Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma evades cell death very effectively through this method

Answer 19

Overexpression of BCL-2 causing the absence of apoptotic signals

Question 20

How do tumor cells proliferate using autophagy?

Answer 20

Condition induced by nutrient deficiency causing them to recycle their organelles allowing them to survive until a blood source comes in

Question 21

How do tumor cells proliferate using necrosis?

Answer 21

Recruitment of inflammatory cells that may be tumor-promoting

Question 22

Define: Hayflick Limit

Answer 22

Number of times a normal human cell will divide until cell division stops

Question 23

DNA Sequence of a Telomere

Answer 23

TTAGGG

Question 24

What is a Telomerase

Answer 24

Ribonucleoprotein enzyme which preserves the itnegrity of telomeres

Question 25

Define: Nowell's Hypothesis

Answer 25

Eventual mutations that will over time become a malignancy

Question 26

3 Major Features of Invasion

Answer 26

1. Cell adhesion to basement membrane 2. Local proteolysis of the membrane by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 3. Movement of the cell through the rent in the membrane and the extracellular matrix

Question 27

2 pack a day smoking leads to how much increased risk of esophageal cancer

Answer 27

7-8x Risk

Question 28

What is the most carcinogenic substance produced by man

Answer 28

Tobacco

Question 29

Most notorious dust one can encounter

Answer 29

Asbestos

Question 30

Vinyl chloride is notorious for causing?

Answer 30

Angiosarcoma

Question 31

Carbon tetrachloride and benzene can cause what kind of cancer?

Answer 31

Leukemia | Lymphoma

Question 32

Define: Missense mutation

Answer 32

Formation of an abnormal protein that may be different than the one intended

Question 33

Define: Nonsense mutation

Answer 33

Point mutations that result in a premature "stop" sequence

Question 34

Are exons or introns noncoding regions?

Answer 34

Introns are noncoding regions that are removed before mature mRNA is complete

Question 35

A Philadelphia chromosome is a result of?

Answer 35

Translocation of abl from Chromosome 9 to the long arm of Chromosome 22

Question 36

The Her2 gene causes breast cancer in 30% of cases via what mechanism?

Answer 36

Gene Amplification

Question 37

Do tumor suppressor genes have a dominant or recessive type of activation?

Answer 37

Recessive, you would need to destroy both pairs to deactivate tumor suppression

Question 38

First Tumor Suppressor gene discovered

Answer 38

RB Gene

Question 39

This family of proteins are involved in DNA Repair

Answer 39

MSH Family

Question 40

Is apoptosis a Type 1 or Type 2 Cell Death?

Answer 40

Type 1

Question 41

Is autophagy a Type 1 or Type 2 Cell Death?

Answer 41

Type 2

Question 42

Function in Tumor Angiogenesis: Pericytes

Answer 42

Support and maintenance of tumor vasculature

Question 43

Hallmark of Malignant Cancer

Answer 43

Ability to invade and metastasize

Question 44

Two Processes of Metastasis before Clinically Detectable Disease

Answer 44

1. E-cadherin Inactivation - Anchors cells and provide cell-cell adhesion. Inactivation means cells no longer need neighboring cells to survive and proliferate 2. Elaboration of Proteases - Allows transportation of cells (Proteases break basement membranes)

Question 45

Cancer cells usually transition from what kind of cell to what kind of cell

Answer 45

Epithelial -> Mesenchymal Transition

Question 46

Most Malignant Type of Tumor Spread

Answer 46

Hematologic Invasion

Question 47

Tumor cells have this difference with normal cells when it comes to energy metabolism

Answer 47

Increased glycolysis and preference to using lactic acid energy instead of oxygen even when oxygen supply is adequate

Question 48

Number one cause of death and treatment failure in Oncology

Answer 48

Metastasis

Question 49

Shortest Phase of the Cell Cycle

Answer 49

M Phase

Question 50

Phase where DNA Replication Occurs

Answer 50

S Phase

Question 51

Protein that tells the cell it is okay to go from one phase to the next

Answer 51

Cyclin-dependent Kinases (CdKs)

Question 52

The G2/M Checkpoint is regulated by?

Answer 52

Cyclin B/cdc2

Question 53

Most important cell checkpoint during mitosis

Answer 53

G1/S Checkpoint

Question 54

S-phase will not continue unless this gene is stimulated

Answer 54

Rb Gene

Question 55

Rb gene is inhibited by? It is tightly controlled by?

Answer 55

Inhibited by Cdk4 | Tightly controlled by p16