1) Basic concepts of MSK

Question 1

What are the three major components of the Musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

• Bone
• Skeletal muscle
• Connective tissues

Question 2

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 2

• Support
• Protection
• Metabolic
• Storage
• Movement
• Haematopoiesis

Question 3

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

Answer 3

• Locomotion
• Posture
• Metabolic
• Venous return
• Heat production
• Continence

Question 4

What are the different types of connective tissue?

Answer 4

• Tendon
• Ligament
• Fascia
• Cartilage
• Synovial membane
• Bursa

Question 5

What is the function of a tendon?

Answer 5

Force transmission muscle- bone

Question 6

What is the function of a ligament?

Answer 6

Support bone-bone

Question 7

What is the function of fascia?

Answer 7

• Sheets of connective tissue
• Compartmentalisation
• Protection

Question 8

What the function of Cartilage?

Answer 8

• Articular
  
  • decrease friction
• Fibrocartilage
  
  • Shock absorptin
  • increase bony congruity

Question 9

What the function of a synovial membrane?

Answer 9

• secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication

Question 10

What is the function of the bursa?

Answer 10

Syndovial fluid- filled sac to protect tendons, ligaments etc from friction

Question 11

What cells are present in bone?

Answer 11

• Osteocytes
• Osteoblasts
• Osteoclasts
• Fibroblasts
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• Adipocytes

Question 12

What fibres are present in the bone?

Answer 12

• Collagen
• Elastic

Question 13

What is present in ground substance?

Answer 13

• Water
• GAGs, PGs etc

Question 14

What maintains bone shape?

Answer 14

• Coordinated cellular activity maintains bone shape

Question 15

What is liberated or stored depending on blood levels?

Answer 15

• Calcium
• Phosphate

Question 16

What are bony prominences for?

Answer 16

• Muscle attachments

Question 17

What is avascular necrosis?

Answer 17

• Bone death due to deprivation of blood supply
• Occurs in fractures e.g. scaphoid and neck of femur

Question 18

What do joints do?

Answer 18

• Connect one bone to another
• Great variation in range of movement
• Range of movement versus stability

Question 19

What are the different types of joints?

Answer 19

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 20

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 20

• Essentially collagen fibres joining bones
• very limited mobility
• Found where great strength/ stability are required
• e.g. suture lines

Question 21

What is a cartilaginous joints?

Answer 21

• Cartilage acts as glue that holds bones together
• Limited mobility
• Typically found at the ends of growing bones or along the midline of the adult body

Question 22

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 22

• Separate bones are capped by smooth articular cartilage with a thin film of synovial fluid separating them
• Frequently highly mobile
• Found all over the skeleton

Question 23

What are the types of synovial joint?

Answer 23

• Plane
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Saddle
• Condyloid
• Ball and socket

Question 24

What are joints classed as?

Answer 24

• Levers

Question 25

What are the three classes of levers?

Answer 25

* Effort * Fulcrum * Load

Question 26

What is an origin of a muscle?

Answer 26

* Stationary proximal anchor point

Question 27

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 27

* Usually mobile distal attachment

Question 28

How do muscles contract?

Answer 28

* Symetrically

Question 29

What are the three muscle concepts?

Answer 29

* Attachment points are arbituarily defined * Muscles can only pull, not push * Muscles can only act on the joints they cross * The actions of a muscle on a joint is a function of the orientation of its fibres and the relaxation of those fibres to the joints * The actio of a muscle is a function of the starting position of the joint * Muscles work togehter and almost never in isolation * Muscles are found within fascial compartments * Muscles in a compartment share a common innervaton and action usually

Question 30

What are the different types of muscles?

Answer 30

* Parallel * Fusiform * Circular * Triangular * Pennate

Question 31

How do we know what individual muscles do?

Answer 31

* by looking at their structure * Where does it attach * how many joints does it cross * how is it related to the joint * what direction do the fibres run in

Question 32

What are the concepts of connective tissue?

Answer 32

* Connective tissue are all physically connected to each other * There is continuity between periosteum, joint capsule, tendon, epimysium and bone collagen matrix * Histogists and anatomists have different names for the same connective tissue structures * superficial fascia is the same as subcutaneous fat, subcutis, hypodermis * Deep fascia- Epimysium of muscle * Some fascia are named * adhesions of skin to underlying fascia creates familiar skin creases

Question 33

What is serial homologies?

Answer 33

* serial homologies abound and will help you almost halve the amount of memorisation that you will have to do: * radial nerve= femoral nerve * knee= elbow * palmaris longus- plantaris